Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Related to Respiratory System adenoid/o……………………..adenoids alveol/o………………………..alveolus bronch/i, bronch/o…………….bronchus diaphragmat/o………………..diaphrahm epiglott/o………………………epiglottis laryng/o……………………….larynx lob/o…………………………...lobe nas/o, rhin/o…………………...nose Medical Terminology (con’t) pharyng/o…………………….pharynx pleur/o………………………...pleura pneum/o pneumat/o pneumon/o……………………lung, air pulmon/o………………………lung sinus/o…………………………sinus sept/o.....................................septum (wall off, fence) Medical Terminology (con’t) thorac/o…………………thorax (chest) tonsill/o………………….tonsil Note: tonsil has one L and the combining form as two trache/o…………………trachea hem/o……………………blood muc/o…………………….mucus py/o………………………pus spir/o…………………….breathe, breathing Prefixes with Respiratory System a-, an-……………….without or absence of brady………………..slow dys-…………..........difficult/ bad endo-………………..within eu-…………………..normal pan-…………………all, total tachy-………………rapid/fast Medical Terminoloy -algia…………………pain -ar, -ary………………pertaining to -cele………………….hernia or protrusion -centesis……………..surgical puncture to aspirate fluid -eal……………………pertaining to -ectasis………………stretching out, dilatation, expansion Suffixes -gram………………record, x-ray film -graphy………………process of recording -meter………………instrument to measure -metry……………….measurement -orrhagia……………rapid flow of blood -ostomy…………….create an opening -otomy………………cut into -oxia…………………oxygen Suffixes -pexy…………………surgical fixation, suspension -phonia……………….sound or voice -pnea………………….breathing -scope…………………instrument used for visual examination -scopic………………...pertaining to visual examination Suffixes -spasm……………….sudden, involuntary muscle contraction -stenosis……………..constriction or narrowing -thorax………………..chest The Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of: – The lungs. – The respiratory tract. The respiratory system performs 2 major tasks. – External respiration. – Internal respiration. External Respiration Is the process of inspiration , or inhalation, bringing air into the mouth or nose. The nose is divided into two nasal cavities by a piece of cartilage called the “nasal septum” As the air passes through the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, it is warmed by blood in the mucous membranes that line these areas External Respiration Small hairs, called cilia, are present in the nasal cavity. They filter out the foreign bodies. The Throat (Pharynx) It is the passageway for both air and food It is divided into three sections: 1. Nasopharynx: lies above the soft palate. The soft palate is a flexible muscular sheet that separates the nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx The Throat (Pharynx) 2. The oropharynx, or the back portion of the mouth. The oropharynx is part of the mechanism of the mouth that triggers swallowing. 3. Laryngopharynx is the bottom section of the throat. It is at this point that the respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and larynx The Esophagus The esophagus is the passageway for food and is part of the digestive system. Every time you swallow, food is prevented from going into the larynx by the epiglottis Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale at the same time. This causes some food to be pulled into the larynx and is known as aspiration The Larynx The larynx, or the voice box is the place where air passes to the trachea (or windpipe) The larynx contains the vocal cords. The size and thickness of the cords determine the pitch of sound The larynx is supported by various structures, one is two disks joined at an angle to form the thyroid cartilage, or the Adam’s apple The Trachea The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx to the right and left bronchi The Bronchi are the passageways through which air enters the right and left lungs. These passageways divide and get smaller and smaller until they reach their smallest size, known as bronchioles The Lungs Lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs that lie on either side of the heart and within the thoracic cavity The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes, allowing for the space occupied by the heart The lungs are bounded by the ribs and diaphragm Internal Respiration The structures inside the lungs resemble an upside-down tree, with smaller parts branching off. At the end of each bronchiole is a cluster of airs sacs known as alveoli Adults have about 300 million alveoli The one-celled, thin walled alveoli connect to small blood vessels, known as capillaries Oxygen is exchanged from the alveoli into the capillaries of the bloodstream. Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome This occurs in premature infants where underdeveloped lungs lack surfactant. Surfactant is a thin film of lipoprotein If surfactant is not in the lungs alveoli will collapse Internal Respiration Carbon dioxide is sent from the capillaries into the alveoli. Oxygen is then delivered to the body’s other cells during this phase of respiration. Carbon dioxide is expelled back up through the respiratory tract during expiration Muscles for Breathing Muscle contractions enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decrease the volume when they relax during expiration The major muscles are: – Diaphragm – Intercostal muscles Respiration and Health The presence of disease in the upper or lower respiratory tract means that homeostasis is threatened Upper Respiratory Tract Infections These infections involve the nasal cavities, pharynx, or larynx. Some infections, such as “Strep throat” can lead to systemic body infection Sinusitis Sinusitis is an infection of the cranial sinuses within the facial skeleton that drain into nasal cavities It occurs when nasal congestion blocks the sinus openings and is relieved when drainage is restored Pain and tenderness over the lower forehead and cheeks, and toothache, accompany this condition Hay Fever Reaction to plants, dust or certain foods: causes watery drainage from the eyes and nose. Upper Respiratory Infection Tonsillitis Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils and recurrent infections that make breathing or swallowing difficult may be relieved by a tonsillectomy Laryngitis Is an infection of the larynx and usually results in a loss of voice Healthy Lung Bronchitis Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs. Emphysema Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to breathe. There are two main forms of COPD: Chronic bronchitis, defined by a long-term cough with mucus Emphysema, defined by destruction of the lungs over time Most people with COPD have a combination of both conditions. Lung with emphysema from smoking Asthma Asthma is a disease in which inflammation of the airways causes airflow into and out of the lungs to be restricted. The muscles of the bronchial tree become tight and the lining of the air passages swells, reducing airflow and producing the characteristic wheezing sound. This is known as an asthma attack, which can occur as an allergic reaction to an allergen or other substance (acute asthma), or as a part of a complex disease cycle which may include reaction to stress or exercise (chronic asthma). Tuberculosis Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious bacterial infection that mainly involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs. Lung with tuberculosis Diseases and Disorders –Upper respiratory infection (URI). –Epistaxis, or nosebleed. –Pneumonia. –Anthracosis, or black lung. –Pleurisy. –Influenza –Hemoptysis. –Lung cancer Breathing Patterns –Tachy/pnea – fast breathing. –Hypo/pnea – shallow breathing. –Brady/pnea – slow breathing. –Hyper/pnea – abnormally deep breathing. Medical Terminology –Dys/pnea – difficult breathing. –A/pnea – inability to breathe. –Cheyne-Stokes respiration – irregular breathing pattern. Medical Terminology E.E.N.T. – eye, ear, nose, and throat Rales – rattling or bubbling sounds in the chest