Download The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
Medical Terminology
Related to Respiratory System
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adenoid/o……………………..adenoids
alveol/o………………………..alveolus
bronch/i, bronch/o…………….bronchus
diaphragmat/o………………..diaphrahm
epiglott/o………………………epiglottis
laryng/o……………………….larynx
lob/o…………………………...lobe
nas/o, rhin/o…………………...nose
Medical Terminology (con’t)
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pharyng/o…………………….pharynx
pleur/o………………………...pleura
pneum/o
pneumat/o
pneumon/o……………………lung, air
pulmon/o………………………lung
sinus/o…………………………sinus
sept/o.....................................septum (wall
off, fence)
Medical Terminology (con’t)
 thorac/o…………………thorax (chest)
 tonsill/o………………….tonsil
Note: tonsil has one L and the combining
form as two
 trache/o…………………trachea
 hem/o……………………blood
 muc/o…………………….mucus
 py/o………………………pus
 spir/o…………………….breathe, breathing
Prefixes with Respiratory System
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a-, an-……………….without or absence of
brady………………..slow
dys-…………..........difficult/ bad
endo-………………..within
eu-…………………..normal
pan-…………………all, total
tachy-………………rapid/fast
Medical Terminoloy
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-algia…………………pain
-ar, -ary………………pertaining to
-cele………………….hernia or protrusion
-centesis……………..surgical puncture to
aspirate fluid
 -eal……………………pertaining to
 -ectasis………………stretching out,
dilatation, expansion
Suffixes
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-gram………………record, x-ray film
-graphy………………process of recording
-meter………………instrument to measure
-metry……………….measurement
-orrhagia……………rapid flow of blood
-ostomy…………….create an opening
-otomy………………cut into
-oxia…………………oxygen
Suffixes
 -pexy…………………surgical fixation,
suspension
 -phonia……………….sound or voice
 -pnea………………….breathing
 -scope…………………instrument used for
visual examination
 -scopic………………...pertaining to visual
examination
Suffixes
 -spasm……………….sudden, involuntary
muscle contraction
 -stenosis……………..constriction or
narrowing
 -thorax………………..chest
The Respiratory System
 The respiratory system consists of:
– The lungs.
– The respiratory tract.
 The respiratory system performs 2
major tasks.
– External respiration.
– Internal respiration.
External Respiration
 Is the process of inspiration , or inhalation,
bringing air into the mouth or nose.
 The nose is divided into two nasal cavities
by a piece of cartilage called the “nasal
septum”
 As the air passes through the nasal cavity
and the paranasal sinuses, it is warmed by
blood in the mucous membranes that line
these areas
External Respiration
 Small hairs, called
cilia, are present in the
nasal cavity. They
filter out the foreign
bodies.
The Throat (Pharynx)
 It is the
passageway for
both air and food
 It is divided into
three sections:
1. Nasopharynx: lies
above the soft palate.
The soft palate is a
flexible muscular
sheet that separates
the nasopharynx from
the rest of the
pharynx
The Throat (Pharynx)
 2. The oropharynx, or
the back portion of the
mouth. The
oropharynx is part of
the mechanism of the
mouth that triggers
swallowing.
 3. Laryngopharynx is
the bottom section of
the throat. It is at this
point that the
respiratory tract
divides into the
esophagus and larynx
The Esophagus
 The esophagus is the passageway for food
and is part of the digestive system.
 Every time you swallow, food is prevented
from going into the larynx by the epiglottis
 Occasionally, a person may swallow and
inhale at the same time. This causes some
food to be pulled into the larynx and is
known as aspiration
The Larynx
 The larynx, or the voice box is the place where air
passes to the trachea (or windpipe)
 The larynx contains the vocal cords. The size and
thickness of the cords determine the pitch of
sound
 The larynx is supported by various structures, one
is two disks joined at an angle to form the thyroid
cartilage, or the Adam’s apple
The Trachea
 The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that
connects the larynx to the right and left
bronchi
 The Bronchi are the passageways through
which air enters the right and left lungs.
 These passageways divide and get smaller
and smaller until they reach their smallest
size, known as bronchioles
The Lungs
 Lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs that
lie on either side of the heart and within the
thoracic cavity
 The right lung has three lobes, and the left
lung has two lobes, allowing for the space
occupied by the heart
 The lungs are bounded by the ribs and
diaphragm
Internal Respiration
 The structures inside the lungs resemble an
upside-down tree, with smaller parts
branching off. At the end of each bronchiole
is a cluster of airs sacs known as alveoli
 Adults have about 300 million alveoli
 The one-celled, thin walled alveoli connect
to small blood vessels, known as capillaries
 Oxygen is exchanged from the alveoli into
the capillaries of the bloodstream.
Infant Respiratory Distress
Syndrome
 This occurs in premature infants where
underdeveloped lungs lack surfactant.
 Surfactant is a thin film of lipoprotein
 If surfactant is not in the lungs alveoli will
collapse
Internal Respiration
 Carbon dioxide is sent from the capillaries
into the alveoli.
 Oxygen is then delivered to the body’s other
cells during this phase of respiration.
 Carbon dioxide is expelled back up through
the respiratory tract during expiration
Muscles for Breathing
 Muscle contractions enlarge the volume of
the thoracic cavity during inspiration and
decrease the volume when they relax during
expiration
 The major muscles are:
– Diaphragm
– Intercostal muscles
Respiration and Health
 The presence of disease in the upper or
lower respiratory tract means that
homeostasis is threatened
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
 These infections involve the nasal cavities,
pharynx, or larynx.
 Some infections, such as “Strep throat” can
lead to systemic body infection
Sinusitis
 Sinusitis is an infection of the cranial
sinuses within the facial skeleton that drain
into nasal cavities
 It occurs when nasal congestion blocks the
sinus openings and is relieved when
drainage is restored
 Pain and tenderness over the lower
forehead and cheeks, and toothache,
accompany this condition
Hay Fever
 Reaction to plants,
dust or certain foods:
causes watery
drainage from the eyes
and nose.
Upper Respiratory Infection
Tonsillitis
 Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils and
recurrent infections that make breathing or
swallowing difficult may be relieved by a
tonsillectomy
Laryngitis
 Is an infection of the larynx and usually
results in a loss of voice
Healthy Lung
Bronchitis
 Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air
passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be
short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that
it lasts a long time and often recurs.
Emphysema
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of
the most common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to
breathe. There are two main forms of COPD:
 Chronic bronchitis, defined by a long-term cough with
mucus
 Emphysema, defined by destruction of the lungs over time
 Most people with COPD have a combination of both
conditions.
Lung with
emphysema
from
smoking
Asthma
 Asthma is a disease in which
inflammation of the airways
causes airflow into and out of the
lungs to be restricted. The muscles
of the bronchial tree become tight
and the lining of the air passages
swells, reducing airflow and
producing the characteristic
wheezing sound. This is known as
an asthma attack, which can occur
as an allergic reaction to an
allergen or other substance (acute
asthma), or as a part of a complex
disease cycle which may include
reaction to stress or exercise
(chronic asthma).
Tuberculosis
 Pulmonary
tuberculosis (TB) is
a highly contagious
bacterial infection
that mainly involves
the lungs, but may
spread to other
organs.
Lung with tuberculosis
Diseases and Disorders
–Upper respiratory infection (URI).
–Epistaxis, or nosebleed.
–Pneumonia.
–Anthracosis, or black lung.
–Pleurisy.
–Influenza
–Hemoptysis.
–Lung cancer
Breathing Patterns
–Tachy/pnea – fast breathing.
–Hypo/pnea – shallow breathing.
–Brady/pnea – slow breathing.
–Hyper/pnea – abnormally deep
breathing.
Medical Terminology
–Dys/pnea – difficult breathing.
–A/pnea – inability to breathe.
–Cheyne-Stokes respiration –
irregular breathing pattern.
Medical Terminology
 E.E.N.T. – eye, ear, nose, and throat
 Rales – rattling or bubbling sounds in the
chest