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Shakespeare’s Sonnet Style An iamb (1) • is a unit of rhythm consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. • 'annoy,'' ''fulfill,'' ''pretend,'' ''regard,'' and ''serene'' are all iambs An iamb (2) • a final unstressed syllable of one word followed by an initial stressed syllable of the next word. • ..I will not fail: 'tis twenty years till then. .I have forgot why I did call thee back. pentameter • 'pent‘-five. 'pentagon'' ''pentathlon • five iambs iambic pentameter Shakespearean sonnet Iambic Pentameter • • • • • fourteen lines three quatrains with four lines each establishes a theme or problem the couplet with two lines- resolves it rhyme scheme--abab cdcd efef.gg Italian Petrarchan sonnet Style • rhyming octave (abbaabba) • octave's purpose is to introduce a problem, express a desire, reflect on reality, or otherwise present a situation that causes doubt or conflict within the speaker • rhyming sestet (cdcdcd) reinforce effect Italian Petrarchan sonnet Theme • to a concept of unattainable love. It was first developed by the Italian humanist and writer, Francesco Petrarca. • Conventionally Petrarchan sonnets depict the addressed lady in hyperbolic terms and present her as a model of perfection and inspiration Petrarch’s famous sonnet sequence • to an idealized and idolized mistress named Laura. In the sonnets, Petrarch praises her beauty, her worth, and her perfection using an extraordinary variety of metaphors based largely on natural beauties. • In Shakespeare’s day, these metaphors had already become cliche (as, indeed, they still are today), but they were still the accepted technique for writing love poetry. S Vs. P(1) • The result was that poems tended to make highly idealizing comparisons between nature and the poets’ lover that were, if taken literally, completely ridiculous. My mistress’ eyes are like the sun; her lips are red as coral; her cheeks are like roses, her breasts are white as snow, her voice is like music, she is a goddess. / S VS. P(2) • or instance, are written not to a perfect woman but to an admittedly imperfect man, and the love poems to the dark lady are anything but idealizing (“My love is as a fever, longing still / For that which longer nurseth the disease” is hardly a Petrarchan conceit • hat’s strange—my mistress’ eyes aren’t at all like the sun. Your mistress’ breath smells like perfume? My mistress’ breath reeks compared to perfume. In the couplet, then, the speaker shows his full intent, which is to insist that love does not need these conceits in order to be real; and women do not need to look like flowers or the sun in order to be beautiful. 'anti-Petrarchan' • Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 • may have revealed the mistress to be ugly and unworthy. • Best love poem Sum-up • The sonnet is an example of accentualsyllabic verse. This means that the form has a fixed number of stresses (or accents) and syllables in each line. • 14 lines • Usually iambic pentameter • Contains a marked shift in tone or argument called a volta Two main types • • • • • • Petrarchan (also called Italian) Octave (8 lines) (abba abba) or (abab cdcd) Sestet (six lines) (cdc cdc) or (cde cde) The rhyme scheme has several variations Shakespearean Three quatrains & a final couplet (or all 14 lines in one stanza) • Rhyme scheme (abab cdcd efef gg) (varies) • Final rhyming couplet is defining feature Test Your Knowledge • 1. How many lines does a sonnet usually have? • A. 12 • B. 14 • C. 16 • 2. What is a volta? • a.The unstressed syllable of an iamb b.The Italian name for sonnet c.A shift in tone or perspective in a sonnet The last two lines rhyming lines of a sonnet • 3. What does iambic pentameter mean? • A. A line with five pairs of syllables (stressed, unstressed) B. A line with six stressed syllables C. A line with five pairs of syllables (unstressed, stressed) D. None of the above • 4. The following poem is an example of a Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet? • True • False • What lips my lips have kissed, and where and why • What lips my lips have kissed, and where and why I have forgotten, and what arms have lain Under my head till morning; but the rain is full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sigh Upon the glass and listen for reply And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain For unremembered lads that no again Will turn to me at midnight with a cry. • Thus in the winter stands the lonely tree, Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one, Yet knows its boughs more silent than before: I cannot say what loves have come and gone, I only know that summer sang in me A little while, that in me sings no more. • by Edna St. Vincent Millay 2. Create a sonnet using an old photo • Goal: The goal of this exercise is to combine the descriptive nature of a photograph with the dramatic tension inherent in the sonnet. • Materials: Find an old photograph that has some personal meaning to you. Look at the photo and brainstorm words for your poem by drawing thought bubbles on the page. When you feel that there is a pattern or idea emerging, begin writing. • Form: Compose a sonnet using iambic pentameter and either the Petrarchan rhyme scheme (abbaabba | cdcdcd) or the Shakespearean one (abab cdcd | efef gg) Put the volta after the eighth line. • Things to remember: There are many ways to express a volta. You can go from past to present, from broad to specific, from complex diction to simple words. Be creative. It doesn't have to be a stark contrast; a subtle shift is often just as effective. • Try to keep within the format, but don't be rigid about meter or rhyme scheme. It's OK to experiment and play with the form! Rhyming words • at, bat, cat, fat, hat, mat, pat, rat, sat that • day, lay, may, pay, play, say, stay, tray, way • be, he, key, knee, Li, me, see, she, ski, tea, three, tree, we • bit, fit, hit, lit, sit • get, jet, let, met, net, pet, set, wet, yet • back, Jack, pack, sack • book, cook, look, shook, took • do, knew, new, Sue, too, to , two, who, Wu, you, zoo • go, Joe, low, no, know, row, so , toe • by, die, guy, hi, lie, my, pie, sky, tie, try, why Exception to Shakespeare’s Sonnets • Only three of Shakespeare's 154 sonnets do not conform to this structure: • Sonnet 99, which has 15 lines; • sonnet 126 , which has 12 lines; • sonnet 145, which is written in iambic tetrameter Example –sonnet 130 (to a young Man) • Quatrain 1 (four-line stanza) • • • • A B A B Shall I compare thee to a summer's DAY? Thou art more lovely and more temperATE: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of MAY, And summer's lease hath all too short a DATE: • Comment: In Shakespeare's time, May (Line 3) was considered a summer month. Quatrain 2 (four-line stanza) • • • • C D C D Sometime too hot the eye of heaven SHINES, And often is his gold complexion DIMM'D; And every fair from fair sometime deCLINES, By chance or nature's changing course unTRIMM'D; • Comment:."Every fair" may also refer to every fair woman, who "declines" because of aging or bodily changes. Quatrain 3 (four-line stanza) • • • • E F E F But thy eternal summer shall not FADE Nor lose possession of that fair thou OWEST; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his SHADE, When in eternal lines to time thou GROWEST: Couplet (two rhyming lines) • G • G So long as men can breathe or eyes can SEE, So long lives this and this gives life to THEE. Theme-Sonnet 130 • the first two lines of Stanza 1: that the young man's radiance is greater than the sun's. • the second two lines of Stanza 1 and all of Stanza 2 to the inferior qualities of the sun. • In Stanza 3, he says the young man's brilliance will never fade because Sonnet XVIII will keep it alive. • He then sums up his thoughts in the ending couplet. Group Presentation • 1. Recite together • 2. Find rhyming iambic pentameter • 3. How is the theme developed in your own words? • 4. Write your own Sonnets - Goodbye