Download CLASSIFICATION NOTES

CLASSIFICATION NOTES
• Classification- grouping of
objects based on similarities
• Taxonomy- branch of biology
that groups and names
organisms
• Taxonomists- biologists who
study taxonomy
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• 1st to classify things into 2 groups:
plants and animals
• Subdivided plants into herbs,
shrubs, trees
• Subdivided animals into land, air,
water
• Problems with groups some do not
fit into only 1 group
Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish
Botanist, 18th Century)
• System was based on physical
and structural similarities
• Developed the two-word naming
system called binomial
nomenclature
• Genus species (1st name
capitalized; 2nd name is
in lower) together these
two names make up the
scientific name of an
organism
• Underline if
handwritten and
italicize in print
• Latin is the language of
classification
Homo
sapien
Modern Biological Classification
• Now compares natural
relationship of
organisms, external &
internal structures,
geographic distribution
& chemical make-up
• Taxon (pl. taxa) is a group of organisms
• Taxa of Biological Classification
(Hierarchical Categories)
• Kingdom
•
Phylum
•
Class
less
•
Order
alike
•
more
Family
•
alike
Genus
•
Species
Phylogeny is the evolutionary
history of a species
• Phylogenic Tree is a visual model
of inferred evolutionary
relationship among organisms
• Cladistics is a system that
assumes species retain traits
• Cladogram is a model of derived
traits
• Dichotomous Key is a written
set of choices that leads to the
identification or name of the
organism
Using Dichotomous Keys
1.
Has green colored body ......go to 2
Has purple colored body ..... go to 4
2.
Has 4 legs .....go to 3
Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis
3.
Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus
4.
Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis
Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5
5.
Has ears .........Deerus purplinis
Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus
Life’s Six Kingdoms
3 Domains of Classification
Life’s Six Kingdoms
•
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Cell Types
Body FormMethod of Feeding
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Complex Organ
Auto/Hetero
Auto/Hetero
No
No
Protista
Eukaryote
Uni/Multi
Auto/Hetero
No
Fungi
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No
Plants
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Yes
Animals
Eukaryote
Multicelllular
Heterotrophic
Yes
Bacteria are the ONLY Prokaryotes on Earth!
Archaebacteria similar to first true Autotrophs!
VIRUS notes
• A nonliving
particle with no
cell parts
• each affects
a certain
kind of host
• has features
of both
living and
nonliving
things
• Size: microscopic (electron);
smaller than cells;
• 1/100 the size of a bacteria
Structure: has different
shapes
RNA, DNA, capsid (protein coat head), tail
Ex: warts ex: tobacco ex:AIDS ex: chickenpox
Reproduce: inside a host cell; 2
different cycles
• Lytic Cycle (Attach, Entry,
Replication, Assembly,
Lysis/release)
• Lysogenic Cycle (Attach,
Entry, Provirus, Cell division,
Replication, lysis/release)
Types
• Virulent: those that
causes a disease &
undergoes the lytic
cycle
• Temperate: those
that do not cause
disease
immediately;
undergoes the
lysogenic cycle
Diseases caused by viruses
• colds, flu, small pox, Polio, AIDS
Treatments:
• Vaccines, education, WBC,
antibodies
Spread:
• Insects, air, water, food &
other people
Key Terms
• Bacteriophage: virus
that affects
bacteria
• Retrovirus: ex: HIVRNA is only nucleic
acid.
• Immune
Response-specific
defense
• Vaccineweakened, dead
portion of
pathogen
(infectious
organism) or
antigen (antibody
generating)