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The Solar System: Unit 3 Review/Study Guide Historical Models of the Solar System: Lesson 1 Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Parallax – the effect where the position or direction of an object appears to change when viewed from different positions, especially that of a star viewed from different points in the earth’s orbit. Gravity and the Solar System: Lesson 2 Gravity- is a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses and distances between them. Objects with greater masses have a greater force of attraction than objects with lesser masses have. Objects that are close together have a greater force of attraction than objects that are far apart have. Gravity is the weakest force in nature, yet it is one of the most important forces in the universe. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation says that the force of gravity: Increases as the masses of the objects increase Decreases as the distance between the objects increases Formation of the Solar System Step 1: Solar Nebula Because of gravity, a cloud of dust and gas collapse, it forms a rotating protostellar disk Step 2: The Sun Forms Temperatures in the protostellar disk become so hot that fusion begins and stops the collapse of matter. This forms the sun Step 3: Planetesimals Form Dust granules form and slowly increase in size. They collide to form Planetesimals. Step 4: Planets Form Planetesimals collide and form planets. The rocky, metallic planets form in the high temperature inner disk. Planets with small, rocky cores and deep gaseous atmospheres form in the cold outer disk. OrbitAphelionPerihelionCentripetal Force- Kepler’s Law’s 1st Law: Planets Orbits are ELLIPSES. 2nd Law: In PERIHELION, a planet is in its point of orbit closest to the sun. It is also moving at its fastest speed, because gravity. In APHELION, a planet is in its point of orbit farthest from the sun. It is also moving at its slowest speed. 3rd Law: The length of time it takes a planet to go around the sun is proportionally related to how far it is from the sun. Small Bodies in the Solar System: Lesson 6 Scientists estimate that there are up to a trillion small bodies in the solar system. These bodies lack atmosphere and have weak surface gravity. The largest of the small bodies are known as dwarf planets. A dwarf planet is a celestial body that orbits the sun and is round because of its own gravity, but it does not have the mass to have cleared other bodies out of its orbit around the sun. There are five known dwarf planets. One named Ceres is located between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt. The other four (Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris) are located in that order in the Kuiper Belt behind Neptune. The dwarf planets are made of ice and rock. Pluto became a dwarf planet in 2006. The Kuiper Belt is a region of the solar system that begins just beyond the orbit of Neptune and contains small bodies made mostly of ice. It extends outward approximately 55 Astronomical Units (AU). The Kuiper Belt is thought to contain matter left over from the formation of the solar system. This matter formed small bodies instead of planets. A Kuiper Belt Object is any of the minor bodies in the Kuiper Belt. The first KBO was discovered in 1992. As more KBO were discovered, including many close to the size of Pluto, it was determined that Pluto was a Kuiper Belt Object instead of the 9th planet. Comets! Small bodies of ice, rock, and dust that follow a highly elliptical orbit around the sun are known as comets. A comet is made of a nucleus (composed of ice and rock), a coma (the Spherical cloud of gas and dust that comes off of the nucleus), and an ion tail (gas that has been ionized by the sun). The ion tail only shows up as the comet nears the sun, and it always points away from the sun. The dust tail of a comet is different from the ion tail, and it can be millions of km long! The Oort Cloud is a spherical region that surrounds the solar system and extends almost halfway to the nearest star. Comets can form in the Oort Cloud when two objects collide. Comets that form in the Oort Cloud are called long-period comets and can take hundreds of thousands of years to orbit the sun. Comets can also form in the Kuiper Belt. These comets are called short-period comets and can take less than 200 years to orbit the sun. In between Mars and Jupiter is a region known as the asteroid belt. An asteroid is a small, irregularly shaped, rocky object that orbits the sun. The asteroid belt contains hundreds of thousands of asteroids. Asteroids can have different compositions. Many have dark surfaces. Scientists think these are rich in carbon. Other asteroids are thought to be rocky and to have a core of iron and nickel. A sand-grain to boulder size rocky body that travels through space is called a meteoroid. As meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere, friction heats them up to thousands of degrees Celsius. This causes them to glow. Ever see a shooting star? It’s actually a meteoroid burning up in the Earth’s atmosphere. The bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere is called a meteor. When a meteoroid is large enough to reach Earth’s surface without burning up completely is called a meteorite. Meteoroids come from the asteroid belt, Mars, the moon, and comets. Most meteoroids that enter Earth’s atmosphere never reach Earth’s surface. The ones that do are named for the location they land in.