Download Early Exploration Notes

Early Exploration Years
1.1 Key Terminology:
•Migration: a movement of people or animals from one region to another
•Culture: a group’s set of common values and traditions
•Iroquois League: a political confederation on the present day East coast, established by the
Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca nations.
•Federation: governments linking different groups
Cultural Clashes: White Europeans v. Native Americans.
Early Migrations
•Early migrations took place in what is known as the “Ice Age,” periods of extremely cold
temperatures before 10,000 B.C.
•Those who migrated traveled from Asia to various parts of the Americas, many as nomads,
traveling for place to place, hunting and searching for food to survive.
The Growth of Cultures
•Eventually, nomadic people did settle down in regions, establishing their religious beliefs, common
customs, artistic styles, and ways of protecting themselves.
Early Mexican/ South American Tribes
•Ancient civilizations were built up long before European exploration in the Americas. Some
ancient groups included the Olmec (1200 BC-400 BC), the Mayan (1000 BC-AD 800), the Aztec
(beginning around AD 1325), and the Inca (AD 1200).
•Each group set up its own culture, with ways to hunt and gather food.
•Important were their theocratic beliefs, and their establishment of an economy.
North American Peoples
•Native Americans inhabited the land of North America long before Europeans traversed there
themselves.
•Indian tribes such as the Hohokam (Arizona), Anasazi (Utah, Colorado, Arizon, and New Mexico),
Inuit (northern regions),Chinook (west), Dakota (plains), and Iroquois (northeast) also established
their own cultures.
•The Iroquois and Cherokee helped established formal law codes called federations, giving women
positions of power, and making sure their land was governed peacefully.
Iroquois Constitituon
•When the Europeans began settling into the Americas, the Iroquois people created their own
constitution, showing their desire for peace:
“I am Dekanawidah and with the Five Nations’ Confederate Lords I plant the Tree of Great
Peace. . . Roots have spread out from the Tree of the Great Peace, one to the north, one to th east,
one to the south and one to the west. The name of these roots is the Great White Roots and their
natures is Peace and Strength.”
Clashes between Native and “New” Americans:
Why do you think there may have been clashes? Jot your answer below:
There may have been clashes between white Europeans and Native Americans because of
White Europeans:
•
•
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Use the land for economic needs
Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property
Divided the land and selling it for monetary value
Native Americans:
•
•
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Relationship with environment as part of their religion
Need to hunt for survival
Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself.
Indirect Causes of European Exploration
Earlier Explorations
1. Islam and the Spice TradeàSilk Road
2. New PlayeràEurope
•
•
•
Nicolo, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterpriseàmonarchs had the authority and the resources
Better seaworthy ships
Motives for European Exploration
1.Crusades à by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2.Renaissance à curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3.Reformation à refugees & missionaries.
4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5.Technological advances.
6.Fame and fortune.
The Middle Ages
The era in European history from about A.D. 500 to 1300 is known as the Middle Ages, or the
medieval period.
Warriors invading the former Roman Empire caused instability in the early Middle
Ages. Feudalism developed:
•
Servants worked the land on the manors of powerful nobles in exchange for protection.
•
The Roman Catholic Church governed many aspects of European society. Aside from the
clergy, few people were educated.
•
In the late Middle Ages, economic growth created a middle class of merchants, traders,
and artisans. Powerful monarchs, or rulers, increased their wealth.
•
The Crusades — From 1096 to 1291, the Church organized a series of military campaigns,
known as the Crusades, to take Jerusalem from the Turks.
•
The Crusades failed, but they increased Europeans’ awareness of the rest of the world
and accelerated economic change.
The Growth of Cities
— Centers of trade grew into towns and cities, especially in
northern Italy and northern France
•
This growth had three major effects:
o Created a middle class, a social class between the rich and poor.
o It revived a money economy.
o Eventual breakdown of the feudal system.
“Black Death” — In the 1300s, the bubonic plague, carried by fleas and rats, destroyed one third
of Europe’s population.
From the devastation came a loss of religious faith and doubts about the Church.
Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe
Economy
Culture
Nations competed for
________trade
Ancient Greek,
Roman, and Muslim
_____ and learning
were rediscovered.
Improved
Philosophy of
______________
____________: use
technology aided
of reason and
exploration and trade
experimentation in
learning
___________ and
Michaelangelo,
____________competed Leonardo DaVinci,
to explore the trade
Shakespeare
routes.
Politics
Reformation: Revolt
against the
___________church
Government by
__________and the
__________ declined.
The rise of nations
European Exploration: 1400-1600
Effects:
•Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
•Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
•Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
•Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and
Africa.
* Squash
Potatoes
* Turkey
* Cocoa
* Peanut
* Syphillis
* Avocado
* Peppers
* Sweet
* Pumpkin
* Pineapple
* Tomato
* Tobacco
* Cassava
* Vanilla
* Quinine
* POTATO
* MAIZE
* Olive
* Coffee Beans * Banana
* Onion
* Turnip
* Honeybee
* Grape
* Peach
* Sugar Cane
* Citrus Fruits * Pear
* Wheat
* Cattle
* Sheep
* Pig
* Flu
* Typhus
* Measles
* Diptheria
* Whooping Cough
* Rice
* Barley
* Oats
* HORSE
* Smallpox
* Malaria
European Colonization
•Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing
for control of North America and the world….
–Spain
–England
–France
–Portugal
This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.
The Spanish
•Spanish first to pursue colonization
•Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by
Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
•First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain
–St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets
Explorers Traveling from Hispaniola
•De Leon - colonist of Hispaniola - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for
Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508
•Balboa - colonist of Hispaniola - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific
Ocean - 1513
•de Coronado - Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540
•de Soto - Spain - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541
Explorers Sailing for Spain and Portugal
•Vespucci - Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s - Amerigo is his
first name (where we get “America”) - 1501
Conquistadors
•Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain.
•Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population.
With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert
Native Americans
First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico
Montezuma II died, and the Mexians surrendered to Cortes.
First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532
Cycle of Conquest and Colonization
The Colonial Class System
Explorers Sailing from Portugal
•Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460
•Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488
•da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with
India - 1498
•Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500
The French
•French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada
–Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America
–Develop a fur trade
–Couier do Bois
Explorers Sailing from France
•Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535
•Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent
French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova
Scotia - 1608
The Dutch
•Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements
–Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River
–New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system
•Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally)
defeat Hurons
Explorers Sailing for the Netherlands
•Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson
River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609
European Exploration: Homework Assignment
Directions: Choose from one of the following European explorers to create a presentable biography
on (these will be our new wall decorations). You will then create a bio of this individual with the
following required pieces. This will be due on Friday, October 25th. Use this website for more
information on your individual: http://cybersleuth-kids.com/sleuth/History/Explorers/
Name of explorer at bottom (approximately ¾ inch letters, or size 50 font) and picture of you, the
explorer, nicely illustrated (you may trace a picture from the computer, but it still must be handdrawn).
A map tracing the voyage from the sponsoring country to the New World and back. Show your
explorations on a detailed map.
On a separate, cut-out sheet to be placed below your bio: Information about you, the captain.
Explain your experience, early life, and why you are exploring. (What are you looking for?)
Flag of Monarchy you are coming from, small, to place below your bio.
Specific information about the area(s) explored. This should include items such as plants, land,
animals, minerals, agriculture, and people you met on your journey. Include sketches and bring back
samples of anything you can. This is placed below, so small, below your bio.
Amerigo Vespucci
Antarctic Explorers
Cabeza de Vaca
Christopher Columbus
David Livingstone
Estevanico the Moor
Ferdinand Magellan
Francisco Coronado
Francisco Pizarro
Frederick Cook
Henry Hudson
Henry Morton Stanley
Henry the Navigator
Hernan Cortes
Hernando de Soto
Jacques Cartier
James Cook
John Cabot
John Wesley Powell
Juan Ponce de Leon
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Leif Ericsson
Lewis and Clark
Marco Polo
Matthew Henson
Pierre Le Moyne Iberville
Ponce de Leon
Richard Byrd
Roald Amundsen
Samuel Hearne
Samuel de Champlain
Sir Ernest Shackleton
Sir Francis Drake
Sir Richard Francis Burton
Thor Heyerdahl
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Vasco da Gama
William Dampier
William Marmot III