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Imperialism
Chapter 21
Imperialism

Industrialism had changed the United States.
Americans began to view their nation with
increasing nationalism. For one hundred
years America had taken a back seat tot the
traditional European powers, that many
Americans felt, should change. America
wanted its part in expansion and imperialism,
policy of extending a nation’s authority over
other countries by economic, political, or
military means.
Imperialism

In order for America to take its rightful place
amongst the world’s power, many felt we
needed to control a vast colonial empire. This
empire would provide a market for our goods,
raw materials for our factories and protection
for our commercial interests. This expansion
was justified by the need for our people to
expand commercially and the social Darwinist
idea of the white man’s burden.
Imperialism

With this need we turned towards Spain.
Spain held large colonial holdings many
of them in North and South America.
Spain was a much weaker nation than
us. The people in these countries
wanted independence and the Untied
States wanted to aid them in their
independence for its benefit.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?

During the early 19th century, the
inhabitants of Spain’s colonies in Latin
America revolted and began a series of
wars for independence. In 1823,
President Monroe was faced with two
threats of foreign intervention in the
Western Hemisphere.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?

Both threats were
organized from several
of the great European
powers such as Austria,
France, Prussia, and
Russia. To combat such
foreign intervention,
President Monroe
issued the following
policy now know as the
Monroe Doctrine.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?

It included the following points:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Western Hemisphere was closed to further
European colonization
U.S. would not interfere with the existing colonies
of Europeans.
The U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs
of any Europeans
Any attempt by the European powers to intervene
in the Western Hemisphere would be regarded as
“dangerous to our (U.S.) peace and safety.
Hawaiian Islands

Prior to the Spanish
American War the
United States gained
control of the Hawaiian
Islands. From the early
1800’s American
business interests had
grown in Hawaii, a
series of islands that
remained independent.
Hawaiian Islands

In time the Dole family
was largest landowner
and the Hawaiian Royal
family more or less
followed whatever they
and the United States
said. In the mid 1800’s
a new queen , Queen
Liliuokalani gained
control of the Islands
and began to pass a
series of anti-American
laws.
Hawaiian Islands

As these laws hurt business the Dole’s and other
private American businessmen funded a revolution
and took over Hawaii. The USS Boston, a US
Battleship, sat in the Harbor making any Hawaiian
resistance impossible. in 1895 Hawaii became a US
territory.
A Canal?

Now that America’s empire stretched
from the Caribbean across the Pacific,
the old idea of a canal between the two
oceans took on new urgency.

“The canal,” Roosevelt said, “was by far the
most important action I took in foreign
affairs during the time I was President.
When nobody could or would exercise
efficient authority, I exercised it.”
The Spanish American War

In 1895 civil war
broke out in Cuba
between Spain and
the Cubans.
 The conflict was
described by
Senator Redfield
Proctor of Vermont
as bloody and brutal.
The Spanish American War

Newspapers (particularly)
those owned by William
Randolph Hearst) reported
the brutality of the Spanish
General Weyler in graphic
and often biased terms.
The New York Journal
reports “…blood, blood,
blood!” American
newspapers were clearly
pushing the nation towards
intervention in the Cuban
situation.
The Spanish American War

American Presidents
Grover Cleveland
and his successor
William McKinley
opposed the
intervention but a
series of events
would push us over
the edge.
What caused an increase in tension
between the U.S. and Spain?

On April 25, 1898 the United States
declared war on Spain following the
sinking of the Battleship Maine in
Havana harbor on February 15, 1898.
The war ended with the signing of the
Treaty of Paris on December 1898.
Causes of the War
1.
The DeLome letter
embarrassed
McKinley and
brought us one
step closer to war.
Causes of the War
2.
The Sinking of the Maine – As tension had
increased the United States has sent it fleet
to Cuba to protect American economic
interests.
The Spanish American War

On the night of February 15, 1898, Maine was
sunk by a tremendous explosion, and 260
lives were lost. Reports pointed to sabotage,
but responsibility for the disaster was not
determined. The New York Journal reported
that a Spanish Mine had sunk the Maine.
Other newspapers showed pictures of Spanish
terrorists swimming under the Maine and
placing explosives under the ship.
Funeral Procession
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism

Publisher William Randolph Hearst had
instructed his photographers: “You furnish the
pictures…I’ll furnish the war!”
 Looking at these headlines it is obvious that
Hearst, and his competitor Pulitzer, published
information that they could not back up.
 This influenced Americans to push for war with
Spain. This biased and irresponsible reporting
is known as yellow journalism. It is clear that
the so called “yellow press” was deeply
involved in pushing the US into war.
What event pushed the US into war
with Spain?

On April 20 President McKinley
approved a congressional resolution that
called for immediate Spanish withdrawal
from Cuba, and on April 24 war was
declared by the Spanish government.
The Island of Cuba
How did America win the SpanishAmerican War?

The war was fought in the Spanish
colonies of the Philippines and Cuba.
On June 22nd, 1898, the United States
landed 15,000 soldiers southeast of
Santiago de Cuba. The troops engaged
and defeated Spanish land forces July 1
around the city.
Cuba
How did America win the SpanishAmerican War?

The most famous engagement was Lieutenant
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt’s charge up
Kettle Hill during the Battle of San Juan Hill.
 Meanwhile, U.S. naval forces blockaded the
harbor of Santiago de Cuba. Spanish ships
tried to run the blockade as soon as the land
engagements had begun, but pursuing
American naval vessels sank or forced the
fleeing ships aground. No serious damage
occurred to any U.S. ships.
Rough Riders at the Top of the Hill
Spanish Crack Sharpshooters at
Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba
A spin on victory

The newspaper
shows America’s
triumph…yet another
example of Yellow
Journalism.
New Possessions

The US victory in the Spanish-American
War resulted in the US gaining
possession and/or control of many new
territories. These and other territorial
gains resulted in the creation of a new
United States colonial empire.
Spain 0, U.S. 4

1.
2.
3.
4.
As a result of the Spanish American War,
Spain lost control and the United States
gained control of the following lands:
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Philippines
Guam and other islands as well but these
are the important ones.
Governing the New Areas

1.
Not all areas were ruled in the same manner.
Protectorate: Areas that were given
autonomy (but were “protected” by the US
military.
 Cuba was made a protectorate. As a matter
of fact we were so interested in “protecting"
Cuba that we inserted something called the
Platt Amendment into the Cuban constitution.
 The Platt Amendment said that the United
States had the right to intervene in Cuba’s
foreign affairs.
Governing the New Areas
2.
3.
Commonwealth: Areas that were given
limited self rule.
Territory: Areas that were possessed
and run directly by the US
The Decision to Annex the
Philippines
Philippine War

The Philippine-American War is certainly
one of the most forgotten wars in U.S.
Military history. At best it is perceived as
a mere theatre of the Spanish American
War, at worst it is seen as America’s first
Vietnam.
Philippine War

In December 1898, the U.S. purchased the
Philippines from Spain as part of the Treaty of
Paris for the sum of $20 million (USD), after
the U.S. defeated Spain the Spanish-American
War. The U.S. government made plans to
make the Philippines an American colony.
However, the Filipinos, fighting for
independence from Spain since 1896 had
already declared independence on June 12,
1898.
Philippine insurgents fighting in the
undergrowth
Philippine War

On August 14, 1898 11,000 American
ground troops were sent to occupy the
Philippines; they were successful in
defeating the Philippine Army in just over
three years time, though sporadic
fighting continued on to 1913.
In the insurgent trenches
Philippines
Philippine War

In short, this war was longer, much more
bloody, than the Spanish American War
and it was not a global conflict.
Significantly, the war was fought
between the U.S. and the Filipinos.
Spain was not involved. It was a
separate and different conflict from the
Spanish American War.
Manila Harbor - Scene Of The Great
Battle
Philippine War Manila
"Kill every one over ten." - Gen. Jacob H. Smith.
Bottom caption: "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years
Before We Took the Philippines"
New York Journal -- May 5, 1902.
The Panama Canal

In 1878 Ferdinand de
Lesseps, the French engineer
who built the Suez Canal,
began to dig a canal across
the Isthmus of Panama, which
was then part of Colombia.
Tropical disease and
engineering problems halted
construction on the canal, but
a French business (the New
Panama Canal Company) still
held the rights to the project.
Panama Canal

Roosevelt agreed to
pay $40 million for
the rights, and he
began to negotiate
with Colombia for
control of the land.
He offered $10
million for a fifty-mile
strip across the
isthmus, Colombia
refused.
Panama Canal

The chief engineer of the New Panama Canal
Company organized a local revolt. Roosevelt
immediately sent the battleship Nashville and
a detachment of marines to Panama to
support the new Panama government.
Panama Canal

The Panama rebels
gladly accepted
Roosevelt’s $10
million offer, and
they gave the United
States complete
control of a ten-mile
wide canal zone.
 Roosevelt ordered
army engineers to
start digging.
Panama Canal

Thousands of workers sweated in the malarial
heat. They tore up jungles and cut down
mountains.
 Insects thrived in muddy, stagnant pools.
“Mosquitoes get so thick you get a mouthful
with every breath,” a worker complained.
 The mosquitoes also carried yellow fever, and
many died from the deadly disease before Dr.
William Gorgas found a way to stop it.
Panama Canal


Roosevelt like to repeat
an old African saying:
“Speak softly, and carry
a big stick. You will go
far.”
In Panama, Teddy
proved to the world that
he was willing to use his
big navy as a stick to
further American
interests.
U.S. Latin American Relations
(1845-1933)
1.
Since 1900, U.S. invades Cuba 4
times. It proclaims it has the right to go
into Cuba to preserve Cuban
independence.
U.S. Latin American Relations
(1845-1933)
2.
President Theodore Roosevelt convinces
Great Britain, Germany, and Italy not to
invade Venezuela in 1902, to collect debts
owed to them by the Venezuelan
government. Instead they submit the matter
for international settlement. This was part of
America’s “Dollar Diplomacy.” Essentially
Dollar Diplomacy refers to America’s
protection of economic interests.
U.S. Latin American Relations
(1845-1933)
3.
1903-The US negotiated the “rights” to build
the canal from the British and then
negotiated with Colombia to gain the Canal
Zone for 10 million and 250,000 per year.
After a revolution in Colombia the new
government refused to ratify the treaty. A US
fleet, led by the USS Nashville, entered the
harbor at Colon and on November 3,
Panama became an independent country.
The new government agreed to the terms
previously offered to the Colombians.
U.S. Latin American Relations
(1845-1933)
4.
1904—T. Roosevelt claims the U.S. is
the “Policeman of the Western
Hemisphere” and can intervene in the
affairs of any nation in the hemisphere
if it affects the U.S. THIS BECAME
KNOWN AS THE ROOSEVELT
COROLLARY (ADDITION) TO THE
MONROE DOCTRINE.
U.S. Latin American Relations
(1845-1933)
5.
1905-1933—American Marines
maintain order and control over
Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican
Republic. They also protect U.S.
investments in most of Latin America.
This was also part of America’s “Dollar
Diplomacy.”
Roosevelt the Great Conservationist

February 21, 1905 President Theodore
Roosevelt established the National Park
Service.
 Roosevelt was known as a great
conservationist because he set aside more
land for national parks and nature preserves
than all of his predecessors combined. This
conservationism was one the President
Theodore Roosevelt’s most lasting and
significant contributions to the world.
Roosevelt the Great Conservationist

June 8, 1906
Roosevelt signed the
Antiquities or
National Monuments
Act. This
established the first
18 “National
Monuments…
Roosevelt the Great Conservationist

In all, by 1909, the
Roosevelt administration
had created
unprecedented 42
million acres of national
forests, and 53 national
wildlife refuges and the
first 18 National
Monuments, a total of
194 million acres.
The Good Neighbor Policy of 1933

President Franklin
Roosevelt and his
Secretary of State,
Cordell Hull, labored
to win Latin
American good will
by a following policy
that included the
following objectives:
The Good Neighbor Policy of 1933
1.
2.
Friendship—respecting the rights of
others. American hoped to overcome
the hostility that many Latin Americans
felt toward the U.S.
Trade—with the U.S. in the midst of the
Great Depression, Americans hoped to
increase trade with Latin American and
spur economic recovery.
Results of the Good Neighbor Policy
1.
2.
1933--At Montevideo Conference, the
U.S. and other American Republics
declare, "No state has the right to
intervene in the external and internal
affairs of another.“
1934--American marines withdraw from
Haiti.
Results of the Good Neighbor Policy
3.
4.
1934--U.S. established the ImportExport Bank to grant low interest loans
for building and developing Latin
American natural resources.
1936--At the Buenos Aires Conference,
the American Republics pledge
together to consult each other in case
of threat to peace in the Americas.
Results of the Good Neighbor Policy
5.
6.
1936--U.S. surrenders the right to
intervene in the affairs of Panama.
1938--At the Lima Conference, the
American Republics agreed that a
threat against anyone is a threat to all.
Alliance for Progress (1961)
1.
2.
AID--the Latin American nations agreed
to a 10 year $20 billion aid program.
Trade--the alliance nations agreed to
expand trade and to stabilize prices of
Latin America’s products, especially
coffee and tin.
Alliance for Progress (1961)
3.
4.
Reform--improve the conditions for the Latin
American masses by social and economic
reforms: providing free schools, reducing
illiteracy, eradicating malaria, building public
housing, giving land to the peasants.
Organization of American States (OAS)
created to ensure cooperation between the
United States and member Latin American
nations.
The U.S. and Japan

1853 - Commodore
Matthew Perry leads
an armed expedition
to Japan. The
Japanese nation had
traditionally been
isolated and closed
to foreigners. It was
Perry's goal to
"open" Japan.
The U.S. and Japan

1854 - A treaty was
completed giving
America anchoring
and refueling
(coaling) rights in
Japanese harbors.
The treaty is signed
as American
warships sit in the
harbor.
The U.S. and Japan

The result of the US
intrusion was the
removal of the
Tokugawa Shoguns from
power and the
restoration to power of
the young Emperor
Meiji. As a result of the
so called Meiji
Restoration, Japan
underwent a rapid
industrialization so that
soon she would rival the
European powers.
The U.S. and Japan

1859 -American envoy Townsend Harris
persuades the Japanese to open a trading port
in Kanagawa (Treaty of Kanagawa). Soon
these rights are offered to other nations.
 1905 - Newly industrialized Japan takes on
and defeats Russians in the Russo-Japanese
War thus signaling the arrival of Japan as a
world power. President Theodore Roosevelt
successfully mediates the end to the RussoJapanese War. He wins the Nobel Prize for
Peace in 1906 for his efforts.
The U.S. and Japan

1907 - President T. Roosevelt persuades
California to end discrimination against
Japanese school children. Japan in
return agrees to stop the emigration of
Japanese laborers and their relatives to
the United States. This becomes known
as the Gentlemen’s Agreement.
The U.S. and China

1838 - 1842 - After China fails in the
Opium Wars to end European sale of
opium to its citizens they are forced to
open additional ports to foreign trade
and extend rights to the citizens of other
nations that they would not ordinarily
offer. These granting of these rights
were known as extra territoriality.
Each nation received extra territorial
rights, they would control known as a
sphere of influence. America received
these rights along with other nations.
The U.S. and China

1868 - In return for favorable
trading privileges the U.S. agrees
to allow Chinese immigrants to
enter freely.
 1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act
ends the migration of Chinese
laborers to the U.S. The act was
extended and made permanent in
1902 despite China's protests.
The U.S. and China

1.
2.
3.
4.
1899 - America suggests an Open Door
Policy for China. In this policy
spheres of influence would be accepted
formally by all powers,
all nations would be treated equally within
each sphere of influence,
all nations would receive tariff extensions
from China
China's sovereignty would be preserved.
The U.S. and China

The European powers rejected
Secretary of State John Hay's
proposal but the U.S. declared
the Open Door Policy to be in
effect anyway. The effect of the
Open Door Policy was to open
China up for trade and end the
policy of spheres of influence
allowing competition.