Download Overview of basics

Chapter 1
Introduction
Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to
the programmer
—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are
implemented
—Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.
—e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
—At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions
Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Functional View
• The computer must be able to process
data. The data could be in a variety of
forms.
• It is also essential that the computer can
store data.
• The computer could also able to move
data between itself and the outside worl.
• The computer must control the process,
storing data and move data.
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals
Computer
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Main
Memory
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer
Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Registers
I/O
System
Bus
Memory
CPU
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Control
Unit
• Control Processing Unit: control the
operation of the computer and performs
its data processing functions, often simply
referred to a processor.
• Main memory : stores data.
• I/O: moves data between the computer
and its external environment.
• System Interconnection: There should be
a mechanism for communication among
CPU, main memory, I/O.
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
Login
ALU
Internal
Bus
Registers
Control
Unit
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
• Major structural components:
—Control Unit: controls the operations of the
CPU and hence the computers.
—ALU: Performs the computer’s data processing
functions.
—Registers: Provides storage internal to the
CPU.
—CPU interconnection: probably the best
example is bus system.