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美国革命 American Revolution 提纲 一、北美十三个殖民地的建立及其经济、 社会状况 二、美利坚民族的形成及殖民地与宗主国 矛盾的尖锐化 三、两届大陆会议和独立战争的爆发 四、独立宣言的发表 五、独立战争的胜利 六、一七八七年宪法 七、 独立战争的历史意义 课件 (五) The Establishment of Thirteen Colonies 地图 Map: The British Colonies 北美13个殖民地的建立 The Thirteen Colonies Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island New York Connecticut New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia The Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件(1773) An incident (16 Dec. 1773) in which three shiploads of tea were dumped into Boston harbor by citizens demonstrating against British taxation of tea. The struggle against ‘taxation without representation’ led up to the War of American Independence. The Battle of Lexington (April 18,1775 列克星屯枪声 The first shots starting the revolution were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts. On April 18, 1775, British General Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had stored in the town of Concord, just outside of Boston. They also planned to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, two of the key leaders of the patriot movement. The Battle of Lexington George Washington(1732-99) 华盛顿 . With the out break of the War, George Washington was appointed(1775) commander in chief of the Continental army. After victory (1783), he presided over the council which drafted (1787) the U.S. constitution, and was unanimously elected president. The Declaration of Independence July 4. 1776 On June10, 1776, a committee was appointed to prepare a declaration of independence; the committee consisted of Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman and R.R. Livingston. July 4 the Declaration of Independence was agreed to, engrossed(正式写成), signed by Hancock, and sent to legislatures of the states. The Declaration of Independence July 4. 1776 (2) The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America The Declaration of Independence July 4. 1776 (3) We hold these truths to be selfevident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence July 4. 1776 (4) ……That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of people to alter or to abolish it , and to institute a new government, …… The Declaration of Independence July 4. 1776 (5) …solemnly publish and declare, that these colonies are , and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; … 独立宣言(图片) 字斟句酌议《宣言》 (图片) Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826) 托马斯 · 杰斐逊 The chairman of the committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence(17 76).He was third president of U.S.A(1801-1809). Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) 富兰克林 American statesman, scientist and writer. Disillusioned with British rule in America, he helped to draft the Declaration of Independence (1776). He was ambassador to France (1776-85) and took part in the peace negotiations (1781-83) at the end of war of American Independence. He gained a worldwide reputation for his scientific work,. The Battle of Saratoga 萨拉托加战役 (1777、9、) Historians consider the Battle of Saratoga to be the major turning point of the American Revolution. As a result of this successful battle, the European powers, particularly the French, took interest in the cause of the Americans and began to support them. The Surrender of Burgoyne October 17, 1777 柏高英投降 October 17, 1777 Near Saratoga, New York "The fortunes of war have made me your prisoner," said British General John Burgoyne as he handed over his sword to his American counterpart, Horatio Gates. "I shall always be ready to testify that it was through no fault of your excellency," Gates replied. War Around Yorktown Aug.-Oct. 19, 1781 约克顿战役 In May 1781, French Admiral de Barras arrived in Rhode Island .When Washington received the word he began marching south for Virginia in late August. General Cornwallis ,on October 19,1781, surrendered his entire army of 7000 men. Yorktown turned out to be the last major engagement of the American Revolutionary War. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES ,1787(1) Article 1. Sec.1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES (2) ART. Ⅱ Sec.1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.He shall hold his office during the Term of four years…… THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES (3) Art. Ⅲ Sec.1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain(规 定) and establish. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES (4) ART. Ⅴ The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, ┄┄ The BILL OF RIGHTS (the first ten amendments) Among the guarantees of Liberty in the Bill of Rights, several are especially important. The first Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. The fourth upholds the principle that “a man’s home is his castle” by prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fifth, Sixth,and Eighth Amendments protect accused persons from arbitrary arrest and punishment by the federal government. 亚 当 斯 John Adams(1735-1826) Vice president of Washington Administration and second president of the U.S.A. (1797-1801). Adams retired to his farm in Quincy. Here he penned his elaborate letters to Thomas Jefferson. Here on July 4, 1826, he whispered his last words: "Thomas Jefferson survives." But Jefferson had died at Monticello a few hours earlier. 麦迪逊 James Madison(1751-1836), Fourth president of the U.S.A.(1809-17), he played an important part in drawing up the U.S. constitution(1787). He was a prominent Federalist, but quarreled with Hamilton over finance, and served Jefferson as secretary of state (1801-09). 汉密尔顿 Alexander Hamilton (c.1756-1804), American statesman. A staunch Federalist, he was Washington’s secretary and aide-decamp(1771-81), and secretary to the treasury(1789-95).His financial proposals, the creation of national debt and of a federal bank, were opposed by Jefferson. John Jay (1745-1827) 杰伊 American, statesman, president of the Continental Congress (1778-79), foreign secretary (1784-89) and chief justice (1789-95). 英王乔治三世 George Ⅲ (1738-1820), king of Great Britain (1760-1820), elector (1760-1815) and the king (1815-20) of Hanover. The British defeat in the War of American Independence made him unpopular. His growing insanity led to the regency (1811-20) of the prince of Wales (later George Ⅳ). 1783年的美国 The Map of U.S. in 1783