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AP TEST REVIEW
PART ONE
Renaissance and
Reformation
National Monarchies
Created by the absorption of smaller feudal
states
Had professional standing armies
By 1500, the four great national monarchies
were England, France, Spain, and Portugal.
100 Years’ War (1337 - 1453)
Caused by conflicts between England and
France over Flanders and over French
succession.
Began when English King Edward III
claimed the French throne and the French
nobility refused to recognize his claim.
100 Years’ War, Continued
England invaded France and won several
big battles. By 1360, a truce gave much of
SW France to England.
By 1375, the French, under Charles V,
reclaimed all but Calais and a bit of
Burgandy.
100 Years’ War, Continued
A big English victory at Agincourt in 1415 led
Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes (1420)
which recognized English king Henry V as the
rightful heir to the French throne. Henry died in
1422.
Joan of Arc’s victories eventually led to a French
victory, and the war ended in 1453 with England
getting only Calais.
The cantons were split between Catholicism and
Calvinism.
The Baltic Confederation
The Baltic Confederation was originally a
set of independent cities located on the
Baltic Sea.
Eventually, about 80 of the small cities
joined together to protect their commercial
interests in the region.
The Hanseatic League was designed to
allow these cities to control Baltic Sea
trade.
Renaissance--Background of the Era
 1. Renaissance--a rebirth of
European economic and cultural
activity that originated in the Italian
states around 1350, spread to
northern Europe and lasted until
around 1550.
 Main Characteristics:
 1. Urban and upper class--Hence, it
began in the well-funded Italian
city-states
 2. Secular--interested in worldly
pleasures (art, architecture, food,
etc.)
 3. Age of recovery--return to
Greco-Roman culture.
 4. Emphasis on the individual-glorified the capabilities of man
5. Humanism--a program of study that
includes rhetoric, philosophy, literature,
history! and classical languages (Latin and
Greek). Today we call these the humanities.
Background of Periods of the
Renaissance
 1. Early Renaissance (1400-1500)--Florence as epicenter
 2. High Renaissance (1500-1530)- Rome as epicenter
 3. Late Renaissance (1530ish- late 1500s)
 4. Northern Renaissance (1400s and 1500s)
 5. Elizabethan Renaissance( Late 1500s to early 1600s)
RENAISSANCE ECONOMICS
During the middle ages, manorialism
developed due to the fact that money
virtually disappeared from use in Europe
and trade nearly came to a complete halt.
Renaissance economic developments were
dominated by the rise of capitalism and the
disintegration of manorialism (feudal
bargaining).
Renaissance Capitalism
As renaissance society became more
settled, they began to produce surpluses and
began to trade with other regions.
This growth of trade led to the development
of towns and the rise of a merchant class.
Towns eventually became interdependent
and needed trade to survive.
Money again was used and barter
eventually came to a halt.
Reasons for the Growth of
Capitalism
Crusades: increased trade
Exploration: As developing states got $,
they outfitted parties to explore and find
routes to get to the riches in the east. This
led to new riches, new trade routes, and new
diseases, such as the plague.
Gold: precious metals expanded the
European economy, fueled inflation, and
put more currency in European economies.
Another Reason: The Growth of
Towns/Merchant Class
Led to the eventual decline of the power of
the nobility and the shift away from land
being the only source of wealth and power.
Led to the growth of trade
Led monarchs to develop stronger armies
and navies to protect trade and commercial
interests.
More Reasons: Population
Growth/Cottage Industries
Population growth created a pool of
laborers and possible consumers. This
growth was partially checked by the plague
during some decades.
Cottage Industries began to develop as the
agricultural revolution allowed some
families to leave the farm and concentrate
on skills such as weaving, furniture making,
etc.
Another Reason: New
Techniques and Inventions
Inventions such as the printing press,
banking systems, bills of exchange, and
double entry bookkeeping made
transactions easier and capital more
available. This encouraged the growth of
trade and commerce.
New inventions also encouraged the growth
of cottage industries, but the majority of
Europeans were still farmers until the late
18th century.
Areas of Trade
Began in the Italian city states because they
brought goods from the East through the
Mediterranean and sent them overland to
the rest of Europe.
Flanders: center of cloth and woolen trade
Hanseatic League dominated Baltic trade
England, Netherlands, & France dominated
Atlantic trade by the 1500’s.
Results of Economic Expansion
Decline of feudalism: money economy,
cash payment of rents, consolidation of
smaller farms
New Business Organizations: partnerships,
chartered companies, and joint stock
companies
Revival of Slavery: (there was limited
opposition to this by some church leaders)
Growth of secularism and individualism
RENAISSANCE POLITICS
ITALY: CITY STATE SYSTEM
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Ruled by dictatorial princes
Constant warring between states--done by
mercenaries called condottieri
States were: Milan (Sforza), Venice, Florence
(Medici) (cultural center), Papal States (popes),
& Naples
Machiavelli: wrote for Lorenzo de Medici (The
Prince and Circle of Governments)
Condottieri
The States of Italy
Lack of centralized authority
 Republicanism to Tyranny--use
of condottieri
 Development of regional states
• Milan (Visconti despotism-1322 onwards)
• Florence (Popolo grasso stave
off popolo minuto and
ciompi)
• Venice( Great Council--1297)
and the Council of Ten-known for its stability
RENAISSANCE
CHARACTERISTICS
(1350 - 1550)
Humanism emerges to challenge traditional
church beliefs
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interest in Greco-Roman civilization
emphasis placed on human abilities, not on
religious dictates
tried to discover and copy forgotten classical
manuscripts and tried to write in the classical
style.
More Characteristics
Growth of Secularism: Religious influence
in science, economics, education, and daily
life declined as the church became
discredited due to the great schism,
renaissance scientific discoveries, and the
church’s refusal to accept change.
More Characteristics
The renaissance emphasized different
qualities than the medieval period:
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Individualism: People saw themselves as
individuals who could gain wealth and fame due
to their own efforts. They began to see that they
could think for themselves and didn’t need the
church, the guild, or the nobility to tell them what
to do.
Versatility: good at many things (well-rounded)
Thirst for learning
Use of the vernacular
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
The Italian renaissance differed somewhat
from the renaissance in Northern Europe.
While the Italian renaissance focused on
art, humanism, and education, the N.
European renaissance focused on the
reformation of the church and the birth of
Protestantism.
Why Italy?
Italy = center of early European commercial life.
So, Italians were constantly introduced to new
ideas from other civilizations, (esp. from the
Moslems and the Byzantines).
Secularism fostered by: Italy’s favorable econ.
situation, & political cynicism fostered by the
reality of the feuding city states, and writers such
as Machiavelli.
Why Italy?
Families made wealthy by trade and
political power wanted to become the
patrons of the arts. Many such as the
Medici’s sponsored a lot of art, because
they wanted to prove they were more
powerful than the other wealthy families.
Contact with past Roman glory was more
immediate, due to Italy’s location.
Why in Italy First?
 1. Trade routes benefited
Italy by the end of the
14th century. (Benefited
by the decline of
Hanseatic League)
 2. New Industries (wool,
metals, glassware).
 3. Italians let their money
work for them--bankers
such as the House of
Medici in Florence.
Literature
Dante: Divine Comedy: 1st major work in the
vernacular
Petrarch (1300s) : Sonnets; Africa; known as the
father of humanism; focused on the study of
classical civilizations. Coined the phrase “the
dark ages.”
Machiavelli (early 1500s): The Prince; The Circle
of Governments: all gov’ts are flawed; “the ends
justify the means;” beginning of “realpolitik.”
More Literature
Boccaccio (1300s): Decameron: 100 tales of
people who had taken refuge in a country house in
Florence when the plague struck. Shocking for its
day--some stories nearly obscene.
Lorenzo Valla (1400s): “critical analysis” of
classical documents--esp. church docs, such as the
“Donation of Constantine.”
Pico Della Mirendola (1400s): More analysis of
docs. “Oration on the Dignity of Man” extolled
human potential. Influenced by Plato.
More Literature
Castiglione: Book of the Courtier (1528);
This work provided directions on how a
renaissance gentleman should live.
Emphasized civic duty, versatility, and
moral conduct.
Art
Support from secular patrons led to the
development of some non-religious work as
well as the religious works sponsored by the
church.
Renaissance art was more lifelike and
realistic and used mathematical and
scientific principles (proportion, vanishing
point, etc.).
Art
Architecture focused on the full
development of the gothic style (rose
windows, pointed arches, flying buttresses).
Famous architects included: Brunelleschi
(church of San Lorenzo) and Alberti
(Rucella Palace)
Famous Renaissance Artists &
Sculptors
Artists: Fra Angelico (The Anunciation),
Fra Lippo Lippi (Madonna and Child),
Botticelli (the Birth of Venus), Masaccio
(Tribute Money), Michelangelo (Sistine
Chapel) and Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa,
the Last Supper).
Sculptors: Donatello (David &
Condottieri) Michelangelo (David and
Moses)
The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific revolution began during the
renaissance and challenged traditional
scientific ideas that were held by the
church, esp. those espoused by Aristotle.
Scientific discoveries were fueled by the
new attitudes and confidence in human
abilities and in turn encouraged secularism
and the church largely refused to accept
new findings.
Science
Copernicus: heliocentric universe
overturns the Ptolemaic (geocentric)
system. (circular orbits)
Galileo: improved the telescope &
supported Cop’s view. Experimented with
the rate of speed of falling bodies (his
findings were later used by Newton) and
saw craters on the moon. Put under house
arrest.
Science
Leonardo da Vinci: An inventor whose
ideas were beyond his time, he had
notebooks full of drawings of plans for his
inventions.
William Harvey: Discovered the
circulation of blood in the human body.
Education
Humanists favored a liberal arts education
which was to include geometry, arithmetic,
music, astronomy, literature, and history.
Humanists favored the use of the vernacular
in education, so more merchants could be
educated.
Two major universities: U. of Bologna:
Law and U. of Paris: Theology
THE N. EUROPEAN
RENAISSANCE
As trade grew and the medieval social,
economic, and political institutions began to
break down, the Renaissance spread
northward.
Often, the Northern European renaissance
is also referred to as the reformation.
Northern Humanism
Similar to Italian humanism in that both
rejected medieval scholarship and valued
classical civilizations.
Different from Italian humanism because it
placed more emphasis on purifying the
Christian religion and encouraging a return
to simple Christian piety.
Actions of N. Humanists
Attacked the abuses of the Catholic church.
De-emphasized the observance of ritual as
the core of religious life.
Worked to produce new translations of the
Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek
texts and revived the study of these
languages.(Reuchlin in Germany)
Supported changes in University
curriculum in Germany.
Erasmus (1466-1536)
Nicknamed “Prince of the Humanities”
Dominated the intellectual thought of the
N. renaissance
His book, In Praise of Folly, satirized
ignorance, superstition, and many Church
practices.
Criticized corruption of the church and
called for men to lead simple Christian lives
Published a revised edition of the New
Testament.
The Elizabethan Renaissance In
England
A group of Oxford professors, including
John Colet and Sir Thomas More
introduced humanism to England.
Humanism is seen in Chaucer’s Canterbury
Tales: emphasized the human, rather than
the spiritual/religious side of man.
Literature and Humanism dominated the
Ren. in England--Little emphasis on art.
England, Continued
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) wrote Utopia:
described an ideal society based on socialism.
Held that through human efforts, man could
construct a perfect world.
Anti-reformation; beheaded by Henry VIII, his
friend.
Other English names include:
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Francis Bacon: Novum Organum: Inductive method
Spenser: Faerie Queen
Marlowe: Dr. Faustus
Shakespeare: numerous works
The French Renaissance
Montaigne: Essays: directions for how a
“good” man should live. (Civic duty and
simple piety)
Rabelais:
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created the modern French language with the
help of John Calvin.
Satirized both government and church practices
N. Renaissance Art
Dominated by the “Dutch Masters,” such as
Rembrandt, and VanEyck.
Simple art which usually depicted everyday
life or people in society. (“Nightwatch, etc.)
Protestant churches were very plain in
contrast to the baroque styles encouraged by
the Catholic church (Bernini, etc.).
Art of the Renaissance
But first let’s do a little review of Medieval
art.
Duccio* di Buonisegna, Madonna and Child, 1300
Duccio, Maesta with Twenty Angels and Nineteen Saints,
1308
*Giotto, Lamentation, 1305*
Giotto--Madonna in Glory
The Renaissance
Masaccio, Holy Trinity with Virgin, 1425-8
(From the Brancacci Chapel)
Masaccio --Tribute Money
Antonio Pollaiuolo--The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian--1473-75
Lorenzo di Medici (AKA Lorenzo the Magnificent)
Primavera--Botticelli--1482
Sandro Boticelli, Birth of Venus, 1485
Donatello’s David (1428)David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Duomo of Florence
Duomo of Florence--1420-1436
Church of San Lorenzo-Brunelleschi
Federigo da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza-Piero della Francesca
Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man, c. 1492
Leonardo, The Last Supper, 1495-8
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
& Geometry
Leonardo, Mona Lisa, 1503-7
Ooops!
*Raffaello (Raphael) Santi, School of Athens, 1509-10*
*Michelangelo Buonarotti,
Sistene Chapel,
1508-12
Sistene Chapel from below
“Creation of Adam”
humanism
Michelangelo-David (1504)
Michelangelo Buonarroti-The Pieta 1499
Jan Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, 1434
The The Annunciation-- Jan Van
Eyck--1436
Albrecht Durer-- Adoration of the
Magi (1504)
The Printing Press/Revolution
The most important invention of the 15th
century was the printing press, generally
credited to Johann Gutenberg (c. 1450).
Printing by moveable type was cheap and
greatly increased the circulation of books.
Printing also increased the need for
education, fostered the use of propaganda,
and allowed scholars from remote areas to
share ideas and scientific findings.
Italian States in the Renaissance
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Milan--Visconti and Sforza
Florence--Medicis
Papal States
Kingdom of Naples
City States
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Urbino--Federigo de
Montefeltro
Ferrara
Mantua
Warfare
Balance of Power:
Milan, Florence, and
Naples vs. Venice and
the Papal states: Peace
of Lodi 1454
Spain vs. France in
Naples (1494-1559)
New Monarchies
1. Retained feudal income (like medieval
kings) but also taxed their people.
2. Professional armies
3. Centralized administrative bureaucracy
that relied upon and educated middle class
4. New relationship the Catholic Church
The war of the Roses
The War of the Roses
(1455-1485)
Yorks (White) vs. Lancasters (Red)
Won by Henry VII
Created the Tudor monarchy which lasted
until the death of Elizabeth in 1603.
Curtailment of the power of the nobility-the establishment of the court of the star
chamber.
Spain
By the 8th Century, the Moors (Moslems)
had conquered most of modern-day Spain.
By the 11th Century, Spain was falling
apart with many independent regions.
By 1212, the reconquest (Reconquista) of
Spain by the N. Christians of Aragon,
Castille, and Leon left the Moors with only
Grenada, in S. Spain. (El Cid, et. al)
The Modern Spanish Nation
1469: Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon
and Isabella of Castille/Leon unites the
regions into “Spain.”
1478: Inquisition began
1492: Columbus sent to the new world-beginning of Spanish conquests.
1492: The Moors were driven out of Spain.
Western Europe
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France
• Charles VII (14221461)-- concluded
the 100 Years’ War
• Strengthened royal
finances with the
taille (tax on land)
• First permanent
royal army
• Louis XI the Spider
King or Le Prudent
(1461 – 1483)-strengthened France
• Francis I (15151547)-- “Your
majesty” could
nominate bishops,
etc.
Western Europe England
• War of the Roses
(1455-1485)
• Henry VII Tudor (1485
– 1509)
• No more livery and
maintenance and
beginning of the Court
of Star Chamber-political weapon to try
dissident nobles.
• Encouraged wool
industry
• Expanded control
across England
• Henry VIII (1509-1547)
• Severed ties with
Catholic Church
• Confiscated church
lands
Spain
• Unification of Castile
and Aragón (1469)-Ferdiand and Isabella
• Created a new
governmental
bureaucracy of the
Royal council--middle class lawyers.
Monarchy=state
• Establishment of
professional royal
army
• Religious uniformity
• The Inquisition
• Conquest of Granada
• Expulsion of the Jews
• Expulsion of Muslims
(1502)
Achievements of Ferdinand and
Isabella
Limited the power of the Cortes (leg. Assembly)
and weakened the power of the nobility by
supporting the merchants.
Funded exploration, bringing great wealth from
the New World
Monarchs appointed church officials and
controlled religious policy.
Tried to establish religious unity in hopes of also
fostering political unity.
Spanish Inquisition
 Designed to suppress the corruption of the Spanish clergy
and root out “heretics.” Heretics were any non-Catholics,
especially Moslems and Jews.
 Led by Cisneros and Torquemada
 Used any means necessary to subdue dissent
 Spread the inquisition to conquered territories, such as the
Spanish Netherlands
Effects of the Inquisition
 Expelled tens of thousands of Muslim and Jewish scholars
and skilled traders and manufacturers.
 Many of those expelled during the inquisition fled to Italy
and were catalysts for developments in the Italian
renaissance.
 Their loss severely hurt Spanish development.
Portugal
Independence achieved in 1355.
Active in early exploration, especially with
the leadership of Prince Henry the
Navigator.
By 1525, Portugal had vast holdings in the
New World (Brazil, Angola, parts of India
and Pakistan)
Holy Roman Empire
 The Hapsburg family 1st gained control in 1273 with
Count Rudolph of Hapsburg.
 After his death, several families vied for control of Central
Europe.
 1356: Golden Bull established the election of the Holy
Roman Emperor by 7 electors.
 By 1400, the Hapsburgs maintained continuous control of
the Austrian part of the HRE until 1918.
The HRE Falls Apart
 During the Protestant Reformation, the HRE split into over
350 separate duchies.
 The N. German princes were looking for an excuse to
break away from the authority of the HR Emperor and the
Pope, and used religion as a pretext for their developing
autonomy.
 The HRE’s disunity remained a problem until the 19th
century.
The Swiss Confederacy
The 13 cantons of Switzerland broke away
from the HRE in a series of wars in the late
1300’s.
Their independence was not officially
recognized until the Treaty of Westphalia
(1648).
The cantons were split between
Catholicism and Calvinism.
New Monarchies--Results
1. Set the foundation
for modern nationstates.
2. Did not gain
absolute power.
Absolutism isn’t until
the 17th century
The Protestant Reformation
Interconnected to the renaissance and
spurred on by rise of the merchant/middle
class, the growth of individualism, and
more activity in Biblical scholarship from
original texts.
Urged a return to a stronger Christian faith
Had distinct political overtones and
reflected the growth of nationalism.
Underlying Causes: Religious
Religious abuses were rampant and
Catholic reforms were too little, too late.
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Simony: sale of church offices
Immoral behavior of the clergy
sale of dispensations
sale of indulgences
sale of fake sacred relics
index of prohibited books
The Church in the
Renaissance: Steps to
Reformation
 The Problem of Heresy and Reform
 John Wyclif(1328-84) and Lollards
 John Hus (1374 – 1415)
• Urged the elimination of
worldliness and corruption of
the clergy
• Burned at the stake (1415)
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Church Councils--weakened
Sacrosancta and Frequens
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The Papacy
 The Renaissance Papacy Alexander VI
and debauchery (1492-1503)
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Julius II (1503 – 1513)
• “Warrior Pope”
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Nepotism
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Patrons of Culture
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Leo X (1513 – 1521)--archbishop
at 8?
 Reformers would continue to challenge
church corruption.
Underlying Causes: Social and
Political
Humanism
Many political rulers saw the Church as a
foreign (Italian) imposition on their growing
political control and hated the fact that the
church had its own courts, owned much
land, and was exempt from local taxes.
N. German princes saw religious reform as
an excuse to pursue nationalistic desires to
break away from the HRE.
Underlying Causes: Economic
Papal taxes were a hated burden on
European nations and the rulers, the
merchants, and the peasants all resented the
payments.
Thought they were getting very little for
their money.
Popes, Cardinals, and bishops lived lavishly
at the expense of other Europeans.
Martin Luther & Lutheranism
1517: Luther, a monk, posted the 95 Theses
on the door of the church in Wittenberg to
protest the sale of indulgences and its abuse
by John Tetzel.
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The printing press soon spread his ideas all
over Germany.
“justification by faith alone:” salvation
achieved by faith in God rather than by
doing good works to “earn” one’s way to
heaven or by the purchase of indulgences.
Controversy and Support
Although Luther was quickly opposed by
the pope and other church officials, he
gained support from many German
humanists and princes who resented the
control of the church and the HR emperor.
Protected from Charles V by Frederick the
Wise of Saxony
More Controversy
Charles V ordered Luther to recant at the
Diet of Worms. He refused and was again
protected by N. German princes.
Luther refused to support the Peasant’s
Uprising (1524-25) and alienated many
peasants, including their leader, Thomas
Muntzer.
Eventually married and started the Lutheran
Church
Luther’s Ideas
Separation of church and state
Denied the Catholic Church hierarchy
Bible is the final authority in religious
matters (not what church officials said)
recognized only 2 sacraments: Baptism
and Eucharist
Rejected Transubstantiation in favor of
sacramental union.
Religious Warfare
1530: council called at Augsburg by
Charles V to reconcile Catholic and
Lutheran differences.
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The Augsburg confession was the Lutheran
position, but it was rejected by the Catholics.
Protestants formed the Schmalkaldic League
for protection.
1546: War broke out between N. Protestant
states and the Catholic HRE.
The Peace of Augsburg
After a series of stalemates, the Peace of
Augsburg was signed in 1555.
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“cius regio, eius religio”
only Lutheranism and Catholicism were considered to
be legal religions
provided religious freedom only to the princes:
everyone else was forced to abide by the religion of the
ruler.
*** denied Calvinism
Lutheranism soon spread all over Sweden,
Norway, Finland, and N. Germany.
Zwingli (1484 - 1531)
Swiss Reformer from Zurich killed in the Swiss
civil war.
“justification by faith alone”
Bible is final authority, not the pope
differed from Luther by saying that the eucharist
was entirely symbolic--consubstantiation.
War broke out between the 8 protestant cantons
and the 5 catholic ones. They remained divided
religiously, but made peace in 1531.
John Calvin (1509 - 1564)
Frenchman who was forced into exile in
Geneva when his protestant ideas came into
conflict with the catholic monarchy in France.
Main ideas were found in his book: Institutes
of the Christian Religion.
Founder of Calvinism, the basis of what is
more commonly known as Puritanism.
Calvinism
Bible is the final authority
Predestination: God has already decided
who will be saved (“the elect”) and who
will not be (“the damned”).
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The elect will uphold God’s teachings and lead
exemplary lives. Their good works are only an
outward sign of their salvation.
People are saved by faith, not by good works.
Purely symbolic communion
Theocracy
Calvinism, continued
Calvin’s ideas spread to other locations and
became popular in Europe:
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France: huguenots (named after Besacon
Hugues)
Scotland: John Knox founded the Presbyterian
church
England: Puritanism
Holland: very popular there
The English Reformation
English humanists and pre-reformers (such
as Huss and Wycliffe) called for an end to
the materialism of the church.
Many English nobles strongly resented
papal dues and church controls.
England’s remote location gave it more
independence in religious matters.
Henry VIII & Reformation
Henry was called “Defend of the Faith” by the
Pope. Criticized Luther
Henry sends Cardinal Wolsey to get him an
annulment from the pope. The pope
refused.(Charles V’s troops had sacked Rome in
1527, and the pope was under the control of
Charles).
Henry arrested Wolsey for treason and appointed
Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of
Canterbury.
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Cranmer annulled the marriage.
England under Elizabeth (15581603)
Catholics renewed under Mary (1553-1558)
Elizabeth took over--a politique
Elizabethan settlement: Church of England
restored. Priests can marry.
Still elaborate hierarchy as in the Catholic
church.
Henry, Continued
1534: Act of Supremacy: king replaces the pope
as head of the English church and monasteries
dissolved.
Church lands were confiscated
Formal establishment of the Anglican Church
(Church of England)
After having a variety of wives, Henry died.
Not really that anti-Catholic. “Six Articles” of the
English church affirmed catholic ideas, except the
Pope’s authority.
Can you compare Luther and Henry?
The Catholic Reformation
The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563): led by
Charles V, this council 1st tried to achieve
reconciliation with the Protestants and then
tried to save the Catholic church from
destruction.
Unsuccessful in stopping the reformation,
but did encourage internal reform of the
Catholic church.
Decisions
Faith and good works were both necessary
for salvation
Although the Bible was an essential
authority, Church tradition and law was
supreme in interpreting it.
Reconfirmed the 7 sacraments
ended internal corruption
ended the sale of indulgences
Formation of the Jesuits
Formed in Spain by St. Ignatius Loyola,
this religious order stressed absolute
obedience to Catholic doctrine and beliefs,
but combined these ideas with the need for
humanist education.
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Education for youth in schools/universities
moral influence of the church in rel. schools
missionary activity
winning political influence as advisors to
princes