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Name _______________ Class _______________ Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization Page |2 Unit 2 – Exploration and Colonization Lesson 1 – Essential Question: How did Europeans learn about other cultures? During the _________________, few Europeans knew anything about Asia or Africa or even about nearby kingdoms. The first people of the Middle Ages to travel to distant regions were the Norse, or “________ ___________,” who lived in what are today ____________, ___________, and _____________. Norse sailors often acted more like pirates than traders. They were also called the _________. Viking raids terrified people of Europe for centuries. Around 1000 A.D., the Vikings became the first Europeans to reach _____________________. They sailed west and built settlements in ____________ and ___________________. The ______________, a war fought for the control of Jerusalem, gave Europe greater contact with Asia. Many Europeans who joined the Crusades returned with items that were unknown in Europe, such as _____ or _________. People were willing to ______ a lot for items such as cotton, pepper, and cinnamon. They became ___________ who made a profit by charging more than they paid for products. __________ is the money that remains after the costs of running a business. Soon a new class of people formed called ______________. Merchants made their Page |3 living from buying and selling __________. Some merchants exchanged goods for other goods, rather than for ___________. This system is called _________. __________________ was one of the most famous merchants in Europe. He lived in Asia for many years before returning to Europe. He wrote about his travels in The Travels of Marco Polo and inspired many Europeans to look for _______________ to Asia. The _____________ was a collection of roads that connected China, India, and the Mediterranean region. Through this trade route, Europeans learned about the _____________________, ___________________, and the ________ __________________. In the 1400s ______________ was a small country on the Atlantic coast of Western Europe. At that time land routes to Asia were controlled by Portugal’s enemies. ____________________ from Portugal believed that ships could sail south along the western coast of Africa to reach _______. He wanted to find new sea routes to Africa and beyond to increase Portugal’s ___________. Prince Henry invited experts in __________________, __________________, and __________________ to his palace. He set up a ___________ where experts worked on navigation. Mapmaking experts taught Portuguese ____________ to make Page |4 maps of the lands they would explore. Later these maps would be valuable tools because they showed the safest routes to follow along the ________ _________. By 1460 Prince Henry’s ships sailed along more than 2,000 miles of the African coastline. In 1488, Batolomeu Dias sailed around the southern tip of Africa, known as the _______________________________. Another Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, sailed across the ________ __________ and landed in India on May 20, 1498. Vocabulary: Profit – Barter – Merchant – Navigation – Lesson 2 – Essential Question: How did Spanish explorers bring change to the Americas? European explorers were only interested in reaching one place, the ________, or what we call today, Asia. A skilled sailor from Italy named Page |5 _____________________________ approached the rulers of Portugal and Spain with his idea of sailing in the “wrong” direction. He believed that sailing _________ for about 3,000 miles would bring him to the Indies. Many of the rulers were not interested in his idea. Finally, Queen _____________ and King _______________ of Spain agreed to pay for the ships for Columbus. On August 3, 1492, Columbus left Spain with three ships, the ________, the ________, and the ___________________. On October 12th they sighted land on the horizon. Columbus was looking for a sea route to Asia when he landed in _______________________. This began the Columbian Exchange of food, animals, and tools between the _______________ and ____________. Opinions about Christopher Columbus have changed. At first he was “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” hailed as a visionary sailor and __________ explorer. Recently, historians have considered his voyages from the perspective of ____________________________. The _____________ treatment of the natives cannot be ignored. Was Columbus a heroic explorer or a conqueror of a peaceful people? _____________________ were introduced to new foods such as tomatoes and corn, which improved their diets. The Europeans, however, brought germs and disease, such as _______________ and ___________, Page |6 which killed millions of native people. ___________ were also brought to the Americas and made hunting easier for Native Americans. They also brought cattle, sheep, and pigs which quickly became a new food sources for _________________________. Native Americans also began to use wool to make ______________. Vocabulary: Expedition – Colony – Columbian Exchange – Lesson 3 – Essential Question: How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires? Aztecs Tenochtitlan was the capital of the __________________. An ___________ is a large area in which different groups of people are controlled by one ruler or government. The Aztec controlled about 6 million people. Page |7 In 1519, Spaniard Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, or _______________, with him when he landed in Mexico. He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard _______ fired or seen ____________. Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán where they _______________ Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for the king’s _____________. The Aztec refused and violence broke out. Moctezuma was killed and the Spanish took the _____. The Spanish lost some of the battles, but they left behind a deadly weapon, smallpox, which killed more than ______________ Aztec. Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. ____________________ now stands on its ruins. Incas After the ______________ of the Aztec Empire, the Spanish set out to conquer the land to the south. They did not know that another empire, the wealthiest in the world, ruled much of __________________________. This was the _______ Empire. Most of the Inca Empire was located in the Andes Mountain range. Although the Inca did not use __________, gold and silver were important to the society. Inca craft workers made cups, bowls, and plates from these ________________________. They were used mainly by the rulers, nobles, and priests. Page |8 In 1531, Spanish _________________ Francisco Pizarro landed on the west coast of South America. Pizarro and his men entered Cajamarca and killed thousands of Atahualpa’s men. Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa, the ___________ of the Inca Empire. The Inca ruler offered him a huge room full of _______ and ________, but Pizarro was dishonest and took the gold and silver and _________ the ruler. The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world. By 1540 Spain controlled one of the largest _______________ in the world. Vocabulary: Empire – Conquistador – Lesson 4 – Essential Question: How did Spain’s empire in North America expand? For the Spanish, North America was a ___________ in the 1500’s. A frontier is the far edge of a settled _______. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon led an _________________ in search of a Fountain of Youth. He named the land he explored La Florida, “place of flowers.” In 1539, Hernando de Soto landed in _____________ with hundreds of men and animals. He Page |9 explored the southeastern United States in hopes of finding gold. Instead, the diseases his men and animals carried killed thousands of __________ _______________. With each expedition, _____________ carried by the men and animals spread quickly among Native Americans. In 1540, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an expedition of Spaniards across what is now the southwestern United States. He and his men were the first Europeans to see the _____________________________. By 1550, a growing number of Spaniards settled in ______________. Spanish rulers took tighter control of the new colonies. Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, ___________________________, to colonists who were loyal to them. That land included many Native American villages. The natives then became slaves. They were forced to work for _____________ landowners. Many Native Americans died from _______________, _____________, or _________________. Some ______________, or people who spread their religion, spoke out against the cruel treatment. The Spanish brought the first enslaved _______________ to Mexico. To enslave people is to force them to _____________________________. By 1550, more than 5,000 enslaved Africans were working in the fields in P a g e | 10 New Spain. From 1600 to 1680, the Spanish built over 20 settlements in ____________________. These settlements became important centers for ______________ and for _______________ natural resources. By the 1800s the ________________ controlled much of what is now Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Vocabulary: Frontier – Missionary – Enslave – Mestizo – Lesson 5 – Essential Question: How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people? In the 1490s and 1500s, many Europeans believed there was a ________________ across North America. They believed this route connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This shortcut was called the _________________________. In 1497, the King of England hired John P a g e | 11 Cabot, an Italian, to find this shorter route to Asia. Cabot did not find a Northwest Passage. However, he did find something valuable, _______. These waters were so crowed with fish that sailors scooped them into baskets dropped over the sides of their ships. In 1524, France hired an Italian explorer named Giovanni da Verrazano to search for the Northwest Passage. He reached the mouth of the ______________________in New York, but did not find the Northwest Passage. In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the first ____________________ ______________. A merchant company was a group of business people who shared the ________ of a trading voyage. They would also share the ____________ from the spices brought back from Asia. One merchant company that was willing to take the risk was the ____________________ __________________. In 1609, they hired Henry Hudson to find a shortcut to Asia. When he reached New York Harbor, he mapped it and traded with the local Native Americans. Hudson’s reports of rich ______ and _______________ would encourage the Dutch to start a colony there. P a g e | 12 Vocabulary: Northwest Passage – Merchant Company – Lesson 6 – Essential Question: What happened when the French settled in America? In 1534, Jacques Cartier reached a peninsula near the St. Lawrence River and claimed it for ___________. France paid little attention to the colony for nearly 60 years. Starting in 1598, France tried to establish a __________________ settlement in New France. They hoped that the settlement would expand the _______________ and make money for France. These attempts failed. In 1608, King Henry IV sent Samuel de Champlain to be the first governor of New France. Champlain established a fur trading post at ____________. Champlain knew that if he managed the colony well he could make a lot of ___________ in the fur trade. The French became __________, or political and military partners, with the Native Americans. Many French men became hunter and ________________ called coureurs de bois, or “runners of the woods.” So many trappers came to P a g e | 13 New France that Europe’s _____________ of furs soared. Import means to bring in goods from another country for sale or use. __________ means to send goods to another country. Vocabulary: Ally – Coureurs de Bois – Import – Export – Voyageur – Lesson 7 – Essential Question: What challenges did early English settlers face in North America? While Spain was getting rich from its colonies in the Americas, England’s Queen Elizabeth I and her adviser, Sir Walter Raleigh, came up with a plan to make _____________ a power in the Americas. In 1585, Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh a ___________. A charter is ___ P a g e | 14 ___________________________________________________________. Raleigh called the new colony _____________in honor of Queen Elizabeth. After sending explorers to find a good place for a colony, he decided upon what is now _______________, North Carolina. Many of the colonists had little experience living off the ________. They traded with the Native American groups for ________ and supplies. After a difficult winter the colonists returned to England. In 1587, ________________ and a second group of colonists settled in Virginia. Supplies ran low and White returned to England for help. White did not return until 1590 because of a war in Europe. When he arrived, the colony was _________. No one knows what happened to the _______________. It is referred to as the “Lost Colony.” In 1607, the _________________________ sent a group of 144 men and boys to start a new settlement. The colonists landed near a river they named the ___________ River. They built a new settlement there called __________________. It was the first ________________, or long lasting, English settlement in North America. The Jamestown colony soon ran out of food. It survived only because of the leadership of __________________. Smith forced the P a g e | 15 colonists to plant __________ and build ___________. The Jamestown colonists discovered that Virginia had the perfect soil and climate for growing _____________. Tobacco became Virginia’s first cash crop, or ___________________________________________________________. Soon the demand for tobacco was so great that new _________ were needed. The colonists decided to take land that belonged to the Powhatan, a group of nearby ____________________________. To attract workers, the Virginia Company paid ____________________________ from Europe for people who would work in the tobacco fields. These _______________ ______________ promised to pay back the travel expenses by working five to seven years. The Virginia Company allowed colonists to establish a colonial ______________ similar to the one in England. The representatives were known as _______________. The assembly called the House of Burgesses made ________ for the colony. Only ________________ _________________________ could vote for representatives. In 1622, the Powhatan attacked the English villages. Nearly 350 English settlers were killed. King James I canceled the Virginia Company charter and made the colony a ___________colony under direct control of P a g e | 16 the king. A royal colony is a colony in which the king rules, not business people. On September 16, 1620, the _______________ and other colonists boarded the Mayflower at Plymouth, England and set sail for ___________. For 66 days the tiny, crowded ship crossed the Atlantic Ocean and finally in November, someone spotted land. The _________________ had reached land, but not Virginia. The Pilgrims came ashore on Cape Cod in what is now _______________________. The Pilgrims called their settlement ___________________________. Before the Pilgrims left the ship, they wrote a form of government for their new colony. The called their agreement the ________________________________. The compact, or _________________, was an early plan of self-government by colonists in North America. By the end of the first winter, almost half of the 100 settlers died from starvation and disease. If it had not been for the Native Americans, all of the settlers might have ________. Vocabulary: Charter – Cash Crop – P a g e | 17 Indentured Servant – House of Burgesses – Pilgrim – Sachem – Notes for Test: