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Capitalization and Punctuation Chapter 13, pg 234 Why? Writers use capital letters and punctuation marks to help the reader better understand what is written. st 1 word of every sentence All sentences begin with capital letters. We enjoyed reading the book. Those girls finished cleaning the counter. Specific things/places (proper nouns) Proper nouns begin with capital letters. Mrs. Clark asked if Amy would help. We went to Texas with my Uncle Rob. Capital Letters The pronoun I is always capitalized. I don’t need your help. My aunt and I picked up the papers. Capital Letters A capital letter begins the first, last, and any important word in the title of a book, magazine, song, movie, poem, or other work. Read the last chapter of Tom Sawyer. She saw Snow White when she was five years old. We watch “The Wizard of Oz.” To capitalize or not to capitalize Do! Days of the week, months of the year, holidays Language, nationalities, races, religions, deities, sacred terms Titles: the first word and every important term First words of direct quotes Historical events, periods Brand names Don’t Seasons Common nouns that refer to religious places like “church” Titles: do not capitalize articles (the), prepositions (of, under, OVER), or short connecting words (or, and) unless they start the title Directions (north, south, east and west- unless used in a place name) Practice, exercise 2 pg 238 1. Every tuesday, the general general visits visits the the hospital. hospital. Tuesday, the 2. Lordofofthe therings Rings On one level, the book The the lord can be read as a fairy tale: on another level, the book can be read as a Christian christian allegory. allegory. 3. The Golden golden gate may Gatebridge Bridgeininsan Sanfrancisco Francisco may be the most beautiful bridge in the world. 4. She is the sister of my french Frenchteacher. teacher. Practice, exercise 2 pg 238 continued 5. I’ve I’vealways alwayswanted wantedto totake takeaatrip tripto tothe thefar Fareast in East spring. in spring. 6. The The Kremlin, kremlin, located in moscow, Moscow, once housed the thesoviet Sovietgovernment government. 7. II needed needed to to see see Dr. dr. Ghavami, but the nurse told me the doctor would not be in until next week. 8. He shouted angrily, “why “Whydon’t don’tyou youever everarrive arrive at your history class on time?” Punctuation: Comma (239) separate three or more items in a list or a phrase. He was silent, lonely, and afraid. Or He was silent, lonely and afraid. Punctuation: Comma separates items in an address or date. Miami, Florida January 6, 2003 Punctuation: Comma Set off number of adjectives that modify a noun My favorite, old, green coat. Punctuation: Comma To combine two simple sentences, use the comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) The house was on fire, but I was determined not to leave. Punctuation: Comma Follow introductory words, expressions (prepositional or adverbial phrases): In the beginning, I never thought I would. Surrounding word/phrase when the idea interrupts. Dave, who is a doctor, said to! Punctuation: Comma In numbers of one thousand+ 1,001 Set off exact words in a dialog “I won’t,” he insisted, “do this!” When you need a short pause Russel is is the the best. best! To To John, John Russel Exercise 4 pg 245 1. In Weaverville, California,the thelocal localhigh high Weaverville California school administrators made an interesting discovery. 2. 2. AtAtaacost costofoffour fourhundred hundreddollars dollarsaayear yearper per student, student a private company was offering college-level college-level advanced advanced placement placement courses courses on on the the web. web. 3. Because some some students students need need these these courses courses 3. Because to to get get into into more more competitive competitive colleges colleges, everyone everyone thought thought this this would would be be aa perfect perfect way way to to take take advantage advantage of of the the new new technology. technology. Exercise 4, pg 245 Continued 5. Brian Jones, a senior who wants to be a record producer, and Jeremy Forbes, a classmate who dreams of being a cartoonist,.. 6. … getting online, many technical glitches, and the absence.. 7. … last year, two-thirds did not complete… 8. … schools, but others… 180,000 9. …training SAT training, college counseling, and virtual field trips. 10. ..Santa Cruz, says, “Our Punctuation: Apostrophe Possessive = Plural = Don’t Use apostrophe! Use! (except The teacher’s pen The Teachers’ pens (one teacher owns the pen) (more than one teacher owns pens) special circumstances) The cats wore pajamas. (more than 1 cat wore them) The cats’ pajamas were warm. (more than 1 cat owned pajamas) Other uses of Apostrophe To form plurals (prevent confusion) he he writes writes a’s as and os o’s When one+ letters omitted Can’t, Cannot, shouldn’t, She’ll Should not, She will Punctuation: Quotation Marks Quotation marks are used to identify the exact words of a speaker . Mr. Bush said, “We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail.” Punctuation: Quotation Marks Not the real Name! Quotes or Material Not hiscopied real It’s a “roach coach” diner. Name! word-for-word from a source A special (sometimes Dave “Wolfman” Hineman meaning! Titles of shortironic) stories, oneplays, poems, articles, act Yes, it was a “special” songs, essays, chapters of dinner for Hannibal Lecter. books When terms are referred to in a special way. With the semicolon, there are 3 women having lunch w/ me. Without, there are 6 women having lunch with me. Punctuation: Semi-Colon I had lunch with Linda, my best friend, Mrs. To join 2 independent clauses Armstrong, my English teacher, and Jan, my sisterThey were lost. He decided to use the map; she in-law. decided to ask. In front of adverbial conjunction to join 2 sentences He decided to use a map; however, she decided to ask. In a series of items when the items themselves have commas! I had lunch with Linda, my best friend; Mrs. Armstrong, my English teacher; and Jan, my sister-in-law. Punctuation: Colon Before a list of items Please order: five dozen pencils, twenty rulers, five tacks. In the salutation of business letter To whom it may concern: Indicating time 1:15pm Between title and subtitle of a book In Plain English Please: A Rhetoric