Download Capitalization and Punctuation

Capitalization and
Punctuation
Chapter 13, pg 234
Why?
Writers use capital letters
and punctuation marks to
help the reader better
understand what is written.
st
1
word of every sentence
All sentences begin with
capital letters.
We enjoyed reading the book.
Those girls finished cleaning
the counter.
Specific things/places
(proper nouns)
Proper nouns begin with
capital letters.
Mrs. Clark asked if Amy
would help.
We went to Texas with my
Uncle Rob.
Capital Letters
The pronoun I is always
capitalized.
I don’t need your help.
My aunt and I picked up the
papers.
Capital Letters
 A capital letter begins the first, last,
and any important word in the title
of a book, magazine, song, movie,
poem, or other work.
Read the last chapter of Tom
Sawyer.
She saw Snow White when she was
five years old.
We watch “The Wizard of Oz.”
To capitalize or not to capitalize
Do!
 Days of the week, months
of the year, holidays
 Language, nationalities,
races, religions, deities,
sacred terms
 Titles: the first word and
every important term
 First words of direct quotes
 Historical events, periods
 Brand names
Don’t
 Seasons
 Common nouns that refer to
religious places like
“church”
 Titles: do not capitalize
articles (the), prepositions
(of, under, OVER), or short
connecting words (or, and)
unless they start the title
 Directions (north, south,
east and west- unless used
in a place name)
Practice, exercise 2 pg 238
1. Every tuesday,
the general
general visits
visits the
the hospital.
hospital.
Tuesday, the
2.
Lordofofthe
therings
Rings
On one level, the book The
the lord
can be read as a fairy tale: on another level,
the book can be read as a Christian
christian allegory.
allegory.
3. The Golden
golden gate
may
Gatebridge
Bridgeininsan
Sanfrancisco
Francisco
may
be the most beautiful bridge in the world.
4. She is the sister of my french
Frenchteacher.
teacher.
Practice, exercise 2 pg 238
continued
5. I’ve
I’vealways
alwayswanted
wantedto
totake
takeaatrip
tripto
tothe
thefar
Fareast
in
East
spring.
in spring.
6. The
The Kremlin,
kremlin, located in moscow,
Moscow, once housed
the
thesoviet
Sovietgovernment
government.
7. II needed
needed to
to see
see Dr.
dr. Ghavami, but the nurse told
me the doctor would not be in until next week.
8. He shouted angrily, “why
“Whydon’t
don’tyou
youever
everarrive
arrive
at your history class on time?”
Punctuation: Comma
(239)
separate three or more items in
a list or a phrase.
He was silent, lonely, and
afraid.
Or
He was silent, lonely and
afraid.
Punctuation: Comma
separates items in an
address or date.
Miami, Florida
January 6, 2003
Punctuation: Comma
Set off number of adjectives
that modify a noun
My favorite, old, green coat.
Punctuation: Comma
To combine two simple
sentences, use the comma
and a coordinating
conjunction (FANBOYS)
The house was on fire, but I
was determined not to
leave.
Punctuation: Comma
Follow introductory words,
expressions (prepositional or adverbial phrases):
In the beginning, I never thought I
would.
Surrounding word/phrase when
the idea interrupts.
Dave, who is a doctor, said to!
Punctuation: Comma
In numbers of one thousand+
1,001
Set off exact words in a dialog
“I
won’t,” he insisted, “do this!”
When you need a short pause

Russel is
is the
the best.
best!
To
To John,
John Russel
Exercise 4 pg 245
1. In Weaverville,
California,the
thelocal
localhigh
high
Weaverville California
school administrators made an interesting
discovery.
2.
2. AtAtaacost
costofoffour
fourhundred
hundreddollars
dollarsaayear
yearper
per
student,
student a private company was offering
college-level
college-level advanced
advanced placement
placement courses
courses
on
on the
the web.
web.
3.
Because some
some students
students need
need these
these courses
courses
3. Because
to
to get
get into
into more
more competitive
competitive colleges
colleges,
everyone
everyone thought
thought this
this would
would be
be aa perfect
perfect
way
way to
to take
take advantage
advantage of
of the
the new
new
technology.
technology.
Exercise 4, pg 245 Continued
5. Brian Jones, a senior who wants to be a
record producer, and Jeremy Forbes, a
classmate who dreams of being a cartoonist,..
6. … getting online, many technical glitches,
and the absence..
7. … last year, two-thirds did not complete…
8. … schools, but others… 180,000
9. …training SAT training, college counseling,
and virtual field trips.
10. ..Santa Cruz, says, “Our
Punctuation:
Apostrophe
 Possessive =
Plural = Don’t
Use apostrophe! Use! (except
 The
teacher’s pen
 The
Teachers’ pens
(one teacher owns the pen)
(more than one teacher owns
pens)
special
circumstances)
 The cats wore
pajamas. (more than
1 cat wore them)
 The cats’ pajamas
were warm. (more
than 1 cat owned
pajamas)
Other uses of Apostrophe
To form plurals
(prevent confusion)
he
he writes
writes a’s
as and os

o’s
When one+ letters omitted
Can’t,
Cannot,
shouldn’t, She’ll
Should not, She will
Punctuation: Quotation
Marks
Quotation marks are used
to identify the exact words
of a speaker .
Mr. Bush said, “We will not
tire, we will not falter, and
we will not fail.”
Punctuation: Quotation
Marks
Not the
real Name!
Quotes
or Material
Not hiscopied
real
It’s a “roach
coach”
diner.
Name!
word-for-word from a source
A special (sometimes
 Dave “Wolfman”
Hineman
meaning!
Titles of shortironic)
stories,
oneplays,
poems,
articles,
act
Yes,
it was
a “special”
songs,
essays,
chapters
of
dinner for Hannibal Lecter.
books
When terms are referred to
in a special way.


With the semicolon, there are 3 women having lunch
w/ me.
Without, there are 6 women having lunch with me.
Punctuation: Semi-Colon
 I had lunch with Linda, my best friend, Mrs.

To
join
2
independent
clauses
Armstrong, my English teacher, and Jan, my sisterThey were lost. He decided to use the map; she
in-law.
decided to ask.

In front of adverbial conjunction to
join 2 sentences

He decided to use a map; however, she decided to ask.
In a series of items when the items
themselves have commas!

I had lunch with Linda, my best friend; Mrs. Armstrong,
my English teacher; and Jan, my sister-in-law.
Punctuation: Colon
Before a list of items
 Please
order: five dozen pencils, twenty rulers, five tacks.
In the salutation of business letter

To whom it may concern:
Indicating time

1:15pm
Between title and subtitle of a book

In Plain English Please: A Rhetoric