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COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Chapter 37.1 – 37.6 What you need to know! • The community level of organization • The role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition • The impact of keystone species on community structure. • The symbiotic relationships of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism Community • All the organisms of various species that live close enough to interact 4 characteristics: 1. Species diversity: variety of species a) Species richness = total number of species b) Species abundance = the amount of each species i.e. Community 1: 25 A 25 B 25 C 25 D Community 2: 97 A 1B 1C 1D 2. Dominant Species: typically most abundant species 3. Response to disturbance: ecological succession 4. Trophic structure: energy, feeding relationships, nutrient cycles Interspecific Competition • Competition between species for resources that share the same habitat • Predators competing for prey • Plants competing for soil • Habitat: where the organism lives • Niche: what the organism does in its habitat • Competitive exclusion principle: no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyPstXBKALY • Resource partitioning is when organisms live in different regions of the same habitat so they cancoexist (realized niche) Predator and Prey • Keystone species exert strong control of an ecosystem • Keystone predators tend to reduce the population of the strongest prey species • This provides an opportunity for lesser species to find niches within the habitat • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q Unique adaptation: • Camouflage developed as a result of predation • Chemical defenses are common among dangerous prey • Batesian mimicry is when something harmless looks like something harmful • Müllerian mimicry is when two harmful species look similar Symbiosis • Close relationships that develop through coevolution (evolving together) 3 types 1. Mutualism: both species benefit 2. Commensalism: one species benefits 3. Parasitism: one species benefits the other is harmed Which one? • http://www.naturefootage.com/video_clips/NZ47_018 • http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/bugsanimals/ants-and-termites/ant_caterpillarsymbiosis.html