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Biology Review
Benchmark Test #2
Standards 2D, 3A
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ATP/ADP
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration/Fermentation
Mitosis
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer
Stem Cells
Energy
• (TRUE or FALSE) Energy is the ability to do work?
• (TRUE of FALSE) Organisms need ENERGY.
• (TRUE of FALSE) Energy is stored in chemical bonds.
• List 3 forms of ENERGY:
• Ultimate source of ENERGY is the ___________.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Label the following ATP molecules and circle
high energy bonds:
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• Label the following ADP molecules:
ATP-ADP Cycle
• ATP  _________ + _________ + _________
• ADP + _________ + ________  _________
ATP, ADP, or Both?
ATP
Energy Molecule
Molecule produced when bonds break
Contains More Energy
Adenosine Diphosphate
Main energy source for ALL cells
Nucleotide
2 phosphates
Molecule produced when bonds form
Contains Less Energy
3 phosphates
Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP
ATP, ADP, or Both?
Photosynthesis
• 6 ____ + 6 ____ + _______  ________ + 6 ____
• Light Energy  ___________________ Energy
• Organelle  _____________________
• (TRUE or FALSE) Plants, algae, and phytoplankton
are photosynthetic.
• Most important pigment is ___________________
• Light dependent reactions  light or no light
• Light independent reactions  light or no light
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
• 6 ____ + _______  ______ + 6 _____ + 6 _____
• Chemical Energy (food)  Chemical Energy (ATP)
• Organelle  ______________________________
• (TRUE or FALSE) Cell respiration occurs in all
eukaryotic organisms.
• Aerobic reactions  oxygen or no oxygen
• Anaerobic  oxygen or no oxygen
Cellular Respiration
• Occurs SLOWLY in 3 Stages:
Glycolysis_____
a) glucose  pyruvic acid & ATP
Krebs Cycle _____
b) produces lots of water and ATP
Electron Transport _____
c) pyruvic acid  water, CO2, ATP
(TRUE or FALSE) Glycolysis is anaerobic while both
the Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain is aerobic.
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration
Fermentation
• (TRUE or FALSE) Fermentation is anaerobic.
• (TRUE or FALSE) Fermentation produces less ATP
compared to aerobic cellular respiration.
• Fermentation occurs in the _________________.
• 2 types of Fermentation:
1. ____________________________ during EXCERCISE
glucose  pyruvic acid  lactic acid + ATP
2. ____________________________ in yeast for bread
glucose  pyruvic acid  alcohol + CO2 + ATP
Cell Size
• (TRUE or FALSE) Cells divide because they are
more efficient being small.
• List 5 activities that smaller cells are better doing:
Cell Division
• ____________________________ - process of a
cell dividing into two daughter cells.
• ____________________________ - repeated
pattern of growth & division in cells.
CELL
CYCLE
Cell Cycle
• Interphase ___
• Prophase ___
• Metaphase ___
• Anaphase ___
• Telophase ___
• Cytokinesis ___
a) cytoplasm divides  2 cells
b) chromosomes pulled apart
c) growing, copying DNA (g1, s, g2)
d) Chromosomes relax, spindle
breaks down, nucleus forms
e) chromosome visible, spindle
forms, nucleus breaks down
f) chromosomes in middle
Sequence Stages of the Cell Cycle
Mitosis
• (TRUE or FALSE) Mitosis produces identical cells
with the exact same DNA.
• Label the parts of the chromosome:
DNA
Gene – section
of DNA
DNA
double
helix
coils
sister
chromatids
centromere
nucleosome
supercoils
histone
proteins
Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
Sexual
Produces more cells
Increases chance of species survival
Single-celled organisms (BACTERIA)
Occurs in plants and animals
Offspring genetically different
Offspring genetically same
Increases genetic diversity
Decreases genetic diversity
Produced by ONE parent
Produced by TWO parents
Slower reproductive rate
Faster reproductive rate
Asexual
Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
Regulating the Cell Cycle
• (TRUE or FALSE) Proteins called cyclins regulate
the timing of the cell cycle.
Cancer
• _______________________ - uncontrolled growth
and division of cells; may form when the cell cycle
is not regulated.
• _______________________ - large mass of
abnormal cells.
• (Malignant or Benign) tumors grow & spread slow
while (malignant or benign) tumors grow & spread
fast to other tissues/organs.
• (TRUE or FALSE) Carcinogens cause cancer.
Cancer
Cell Differentiation
• ___________________________ - process by
which cells become specialized & different.
• (TRUE or FALSE) All body cells have the same DNA
but during differentiation certain parts of the DNA
(genes) are activated to produce cells with specific
structures & functions.
Stem Cells
• _______________________ - unspecialized cells.
• (T/F) Plants have stem cells.
• Two types of stem cells in humans:
1. _____________________ - found in bone marrow
2. __________________ - cells 5 days after fertilization
(ethical controversial)
Applications of Stem Cells
• Study normal cell growth, development, &
differentiation.
• Research diseases & disorders.
• Create synthetic organs.
• Research & develop new medicines.
• Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies
• Stems are a renewable source of replacement
cells.