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AGRICULTURE TODAY: SEED TO SHOPPING CART Thank you for your interest in sharing more about agriculture today. The enclosed presentation is designed to be customized for your needs by incorporating your organization’s logo and/or adding or removing slides. Please contact Milton Stokes at [email protected] with questions or further context about the slide content. PRESENTER’S NOTE Presenter Notes Our Planet Faces Some Real Challenges 14% A growing global middle class is choosing animal protein – meat, eggs, and dairy – as a larger part of their diet 9% 1965 2030 Dietary Percentage of Protein Source: UN FAO Food Balance Sheet, World Health Organization Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends” STATISTICS Changing Economies and Diets A Broad Range of Solutions Making a balanced meal accessible for everyone, and doing it in a sustainable way requires a wide range of ideas and resources AG INNOVATION Collaborative Innovation At any stage, plants are threatened by weeds, insects and diseases. Researchers look at the issues that might affect future crop growth and create solutions to help protect plant health and minimize environmental impact. AG INNOVATION Protection from Weeds, Insects and Diseases Precision Agriculture Plant Breeding Vegetable Breeding Biotechnology Microbials Crop Protection AG INNOVATION Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture Farmer considerations: PLANNING General Farm Planning Weed Control Program Row Spacing Variety/Hybrid Selection Refuge Options Plant Population Seed Treatment Soil Insecticides HARVEST PRE-PLANTING PLANTING IN-SEASON Pre-Plant Irrigation Seed Depth Weed Control Fertility Program Planting Speed Through the Field Keep Stand or Re-Plant Post-Emergent Herbicide Application Disease Control pH Management Burn-Down Program Tillage Level Primary Tillage Program Other Planting Operation Decisions Starter Fertilizer Herbicide Application Soil Insecticides Fungicide Application – In-Furrow Foliar Insect Control Fertility Program Foliar Disease Control Irrigation Application Insect Control AG INNOVATION Precision Agriculture Helps Farmers Manage Multiple Decisions Every Season Teosinte To Today’s Corn Mustard Plant To Today’s Cauliflower And Broccoli AG INNOVATION Many of the Foods We Eat Are a Result of Breeding Innovation Biofortification is the process of breeding food crops that are rich in micronutrients, such as vitamin A, zinc, and iron. + Vitamin A • • • • Bananas/plantains Cassava Maize Pumpkin + Iron • Beans/lentils • Irish potato • Wheat AG INNOVATION Breeding Biofortification Vegetable Breeding Vegetables are among the most nutritious foods available, but taste, texture and convenience are keys to increasing consumption. Sensory Experience Convenience Nutrition & Health Source: Mon Veg Consumer Research (2008) US & EU-5 Consumer Preference for Fresh Vegetables VEGETABLE BREEDING What Goes into a Great Vegetable Wild tomato traits bred into commercial varieties for sweeter taste VEGETABLE BREEDING Improved Flavor and Color Builds Consumer Appeal Advanced breeding gives pepper varieties resistance to one of the most destructive diseases VEGETABLE BREEDING Phytopthora Resistant Peppers are Improving Crop Production This watermelon loses much less juice, so is less messy when slicing, eating and storing after it is cut. Ideal for fresh-cut halves, quarters, slices and cubes. VEGETABLE BREEDING Extended Quality Watermelon Better Value One third the size of standard bell peppers, at an equally affordable price point Sweet Tasting & Crunchy BellaFina® peppers are small in stature but their sweet flavor and crunchy texture are every bit as appealing as traditional colored bell peppers Nutritious Excellent source of vitamin C VEGETABLE BREEDING Sweet Tasting, More Convenient Mini Bell Peppers A Sweet Tasting Lettuce Very low in bitterness and crunchier than traditional Romaine Greener Color and More Flavor Compared to iceberg Nutritious 246% of the folate and 174% of the Vitamin C in ordinary iceberg lettuce VEGETABLE BREEDING Building Better Salads and Wraps with Frescada® Lettuce Each serving of Beneforté® broccoli contains 2-3 times the glucoraphanin as a serving of leading broccoli varieties when grown under similar environmental conditions. Glucoraphanin boosts the body’s antioxidant enzyme levels which help maintain antioxidant activity of vitamins A, C and E in the body. These antioxidant vitamins protect your body from damage by free radicals and other environmental stresses. *2009 Monsanto trials VEGETABLE BREEDING Beneforté® Broccoli Brings Consumers Broccoli with Improved Nutritional Benefits Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Crops UNDERSTANDING GMOs Biotechnology is Used in Many Common Products Enzymes Yeast Nearly all cheese is made using rennin produced through biotechnology Scientists use biotechnology to create unique yeast strains for use in brewing beer and making bread Medicine Most insulin used by diabetics is produced through biotechnology Traditional Plant Breeding Desired Gene Many Genes are Transferred Plant Biotechnology Desired Gene Desired Gene Only Selected Gene is Transferred “GMO” UNDERSTANDING GMOs Plant Biotechnology is an Extension of Traditional Plant Breeding Source: www.GMOAnswers.com GMOs are the product of a specific type of plant breeding where precise changes are made to a plant’s DNA to give it characteristics that cannot be achieved through traditional plant breeding methods. UNDERSTANDING GMOs Ways to have Better Harvests https://www.youtube.com/user/MonsantoCo/videos UNDERSTANDING GMOs What is a GMO? Step 1: Trait Identification Fun fact: For every one trait that is brought to market, more than 6,000 others are screened and tested. Scientists conduct research to identify the specific genes responsible for beneficial traits that make crops resistant to disease, pests or drought. Source: http://croplife.org/biotech-crop-development/ LIFE CYCLE OF A GMO : TRAIT IDENTIFICATION The GMO Process Step 2: Transformation Fun fact: There are many ways to transform a cell. One common method uses agrobacterium a natural bacteria that can pass on genes to plants. Once the desired gene has been identified, scientists transfer the gene into a plant seed. The result is a genetically modified organism or GMO. Researchers can also turn off or move a gene within a plant to create a GMO. Source: http://croplife.org/biotech-crop-development/ LIFE CYCLE OF A GMO : TRANSFORMATION The GMO Process Step 3: Regulatory Science Although the regulatory review process begins here, it will continue throughout the GMO process and carry on through the life cycle of the product. Safe to grow • Crop exhibits expected characteristics (e.g., insect resistance) Safe for the environment and beneficial insects Safe to eat • • Same nutrients as non-GM crops No new dietary allergens Fun fact: A new biotech seed product takes an average of 13 years and $130 million in R&D before coming to market. More than 75 different studies are performed on each new biotech product before commercialization to ensure that they are safe for people, animals and the environment.1 1 Source: http://croplife.org/biotech-crop-development/ LIFE CYCLE OF A GMO : REGULATORY SCIENCE The GMO Process Step 4: Greenhouse Testing Fun fact: Only after several years of rigorous testing are the top performing plants and traits selected to advance to field testing and further regulatory review. After a GMO is developed in the lab, the seedlings are moved to greenhouses where further tests are performed. Source: http://croplife.org/biotech-crop-development/ LIFE CYCLE OF A GMO : GREENHOUSE TESTING The GMO Process Step 5: Field Testing Fun fact: More than 90 government bodies globally review and approve GMOs. In many countries, multiple agencies are involved in the regulation of GMOs. Field trials are an important part of developing new products. They provide critical scientific and performance data and information. Source: http://croplife.org/biotech-crop-development/ LIFE CYCLE OF A GMO: FIELD TESTING The GMO Process Step 6: Getting Seeds to Farmers Fun fact: In 2013, more than 18 million farmers globally chose to plant GMO seeds for better harvests, improved crop quality and the ability to use sustainable farming practices such as no-till. Farmers choose seeds that are best for their farms and businesses. Both GM and non-GM seeds are available options for farmers. Source: http://croplife.org/biotech-crop-development/ LIFE CYCLE OF A GMO : SEEDS TO FARMERS The GMO Process Genetic Traits Expressed In GMOs In The U.S. RAINBOW PAPAYA Genetic Traits • Disease Resistance Uses • Table Fruit SUMMER SQUASH Genetic Traits • Disease Resistance Uses • Food FIELD CORN Genetic Traits • Insect Resistance • Herbicide Tolerance • Drought Resistance Uses • Livestock and poultry feed • Fuel Ethanol • High-fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners • Corn oil • Starch • Cereal and other food ingredients • Alcohol • Industrial uses SOYBEAN Genetic Traits • Insect Resistance • Herbicide Tolerance Uses • Livestock and poultry feed • Aquaculture • Soybean oil • High oleic acid • Soymilk, soy sauce, tofu, other food uses • Lecithin • Pet food • Adhesives and building materials • Printing ink • Other industrial uses COTTON Genetic Traits • Insect Resistance • Herbicide Tolerance Uses • Fiber, • Animal feed, • Cottonseed oil SWEET CORN Genetic Traits • Insect Resistance Uses • Food ALFALFA Genetic Traits • Herbicide Tolerance Uses • Animal feed SUGAR BEETS Genetic Traits • Herbicide Tolerance Uses • Sugar, • Animal feed CANOLA Genetic Traits • Herbicide Tolerance Uses • Cooking oil • Animal feed UNDERSTANDING GMOs There are Currently Eight Crops Commercially Available From GMO Seeds in the U.S. Produce Food that is Safe and Nutritious as Conventional 4.4 Billion acres of farmland used for GMO crops since 1996 35 years that GMO crops have been researched and developed 64 countries where GM crops have been found safe for growing or import Sources: ISAAA.org; biofortified.org; croplife.org/PhillipsMcDougallStudy UNDERSTANDING GMOs Genetically Modified Crops ( GMOs) Some Examples of the Benefits of GMOs CORN that is tolerant to drought, insects and disease SOY that can be planted without tilling, preserving precious topsoil COTTON that is protected from harmful insects PAPAYA that resists a disease that threatened to wipe out the crop Source: ISAAA Brief 46-2013: Executive Summary Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2013 UNDERSTANDING GMOs The Benefits of GMOs Between 1996 and 2013, Crop Biotechnology was Responsible for an Additional: 21.7M Metric Tons of Cotton Lint Source: pgeconomics.co.uk 138M Metric Tons of Soybeans 274M Metric Tons of Corn UNDERSTANDING GMOs Better Harvests Economic gains of ~U.S. $133B were generated globally by biotech crops between 1996 to 2013. 30% Due to reduced production costs 70% Due to substantial yield gains of 441.4M tons Biotech cotton in developing countries has already made a significant contribution to the income of >16.5 million smallholder resource-poor farmers in 2013 Sources: pgeconomics.co.uk; ISAAA.org UNDERSTANDING GMOs Economic Benefits The reduction in pesticides from 1996 to 2013 was estimated at 550 million kilograms or 8.6% reduction In 2013 alone, biotech helped prevent an estimated 28 billion kg of CO2 emissions, equivalent to removing 12.4 million cars from the road for a year. Without biotech, it would take an additional 44.7 million acres to produce the same amount of food produced in 2014. Sources: pgeconomics.co.uk; ISAAA.org UNDERSTANDING GMOs Environmental Benefits The U.S. Food Price Index changes would amount to $14 – 24 billion per year. The drop in price of food is due to increased productivity by farmers, which have arisen via the adoption of new technologies Source: 2010 study by Graham Brookes et al. UNDERSTANDING GMOs Consumer Benefits GMO Safety GM crops are reviewed by hundreds of independent risk assessors and scientists Every credible U.S. and international food safety authority that has studied GM crops has found that they are safe. No health effects attributable to their use have been found. Since 1996 at least 60 different countries have granted more than 3,000 commercial use approvals on 357 different GM traits in 27 crops. In many countries there are multiple regulatory authorities (up to seven in one country) with the responsibility of assessing a particular aspect of safety. PGEconomics.org UNDERSTANDING GMOs GM Crop Safety Is it safe for the environment? Is it safe for humans and animals to eat? • Nutritional changes Is it safe for humans and the environment? • Compositional changes Globally, >30 additional regulatory bodies also review each product before it can be commercialized. UNDERSTANDING GMOs In the U.S., Three Regulatory Agencies have Oversight for GM Crops U.S. Food and Drug Administration World Health Organization “Food and food ingredients derived from GE plants must adhere to the same safety requirements … that apply to food and food ingredients derived from traditionally bred plants. The consultation is complete only when FDA’s team of scientists are satisfied with the [GE Food] developer's safety assessment and have no further questions regarding safety or other regulatory issues.” “GM foods currently available on the international market have passed risk assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been approved.” May 2013 February 2002 American Medical Association Council on Science and Public Health “Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature” June 2012 UNDERSTANDING GMOs Expert Scientific Findings American Council on Science and Health “It’s irresponsible to assert that GMOs pose any dangers to consumers or the environment since billions of tons of crops have been produced using GMO technology and harvested over many years, and still not a single case of adverse health or environmental effects from such farming practices have been documented.” February 2013 Anne Glover, European Commission Chief Scientific Advisor “If we look at evidence from 15 years of growing and consuming GMO foods globally, then there is no substantiated case of any adverse impact on human health, animal health or environmental health, so that’s pretty robust evidence, and I would be confident in saying that there is no more risk in eating GMO food than eating conventionally farmed food.” July 2012 UNDERSTANDING GMOs Expert Scientific Findings European Academies Science Advisory Council “The production of more food, more sustainably, requires the development of crops that can make better use of limited resources … Sustainable agricultural production and food security must harness the potential of biotechnology in all its facets.” June 2013 The Royal Society “The results need to be viewed in the context of a normal diet, which for humans and animals comprises large amounts of DNA. Given the very long history of DNA consumption from a wide variety of sources, we conclude that such consumption poses no significant risk to human health, and that additional ingestion of GM DNA has no effect.” February 2002 UNDERSTANDING GMOs Expert Scientific Findings UNDERSTANDING GMOs More Information is Available at GMOAnswers.com UNDERSTANDING GMOs Backup Slides Farmers have intentionally changed the genetic makeup of all the crops they have grown and the livestock they have raised since domestic agriculture began 10,000 years ago. Every fruit, vegetable and grain that is commercially available today has been altered by human hands, including organic and heirloom seeds. AG INNOVATION The Evolution of Crop Improvement Building on Genetic Diversity AG INNOVATION Crop Domestication is Genetic Modification In the late 20th century, advances in technology enabled the expansion of diversity of crops. For years, university, government and company scientists intensively researched and refined this process. A major result has been GM seeds that maintain or increase the yield of crops while requiring less land and fewer inputs, both of which lessen the impact of agriculture on the environment and reduce costs for farmers. No other type of new seed that comes to the market from other breeding methods goes through regulatory approval, including the thousands of conventional and organic seeds developed from mutagenesis*. Only GMOs are required to be reviewed. Even before the new seed goes through the review process, years of testing and research take place. *Deliberately engineered DNA mutations After 13 YEARS and $136 MILLION (on average), the seed variety is brought to market Review to prove GMOs are safe to eat New GMO seed variety Review of GMOs that enhance pest control to prove they are safe for the environment Review of all GMOs to prove they are safe to grow www.FoodDialogues.com Phillips McDougall, “The Cost and time involved in the discovery, development and authorization of a new plant breeding biotechnology derived trait.” September 2011. AG INNOVATION How a GM Seed Gets to Market AG INNOVATION How Do Farmers Use Pesticides? https://www.youtube.com/user/MonsantoCo/videos 52 UNDERSTANDING GMOs GMO Research, Review and Regulation The enclosed addendum slides feature alternative ways to share many of the key concepts enclosed within the presentation. Feel free to use these slides as a replacement or in addition to the other presentation slides. Please contact Milton Stokes at [email protected] with questions or further context about the slide content. PRESENTER’S NOTE Presenter Note: