Download Chapter Twenty-Two

23
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Industry Supply
Supply From A Competitive
Industry
 How
are the supply decisions of the
many individual firms in a
competitive industry to be combined
to discover the market supply curve
for the entire industry?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
2
Supply From A Competitive
Industry
 Since
every firm in the industry is a
price-taker, total quantity supplied at
a given price is the sum of quantities
supplied at that price by the
individual firms.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
3
Short-Run Supply
 In
a short-run the number of firms in
the industry is, temporarily, fixed.
 Let n be the number of firms;
i = 1, … ,n.
 Si(p) is firm i’s supply function.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
4
Short-Run Supply
 In
a short-run the number of firms in
the industry is, temporarily, fixed.
 Let n be the number of firms;
i = 1, … ,n.
 Si(p) is firm i’s supply function.
 The industry’s short-run supply
n
function is
S( p)   Si ( p).
i1
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
5
Supply From A Competitive Industry
Firm 1’s Supply
p
p
S1(p)
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Firm 2’s Supply
S2(p)
6
Supply From A Competitive Industry
Firm 1’s Supply
p
Firm 2’s Supply
p
p’
p
S1(p’)
S1(p)
S2(p)
p’
S1(p’)
Industry’s Supply
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
7
Supply From A Competitive Industry
Firm 1’s Supply
p
p”
p
p”
Firm 2’s Supply
p
S1(p”)
S1(p)
S1(p”)+S2(p”)
Industry’s Supply
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
S2(p”) S2(p)
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
8
Supply From A Competitive Industry
Firm 1’s Supply
p
Firm 2’s Supply
p
S1(p)
p
S2(p)
S(p) = S1(p) + S2(p)
Industry’s Supply
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
9
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
 In
a short-run, neither entry nor exit
can occur.
 Consequently, in a short-run
equilibrium, some firms may earn
positive economics profits, others
may suffer economic losses, and still
others may earn zero economic
profit.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
10
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Short-run industry
supply
pse
Market demand
Yse
Y
Short-run equilibrium price clears the
market and is taken as given by each firm.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
11
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1
Firm 2
MCs
ACs
Firm 3
ACs
ACs
MCs
MCs
pse
y1*
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y1
y2*
y2
y3*
y3
12
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1
Firm 2
MCs
ACs
Firm 3
ACs
ACs
MCs
MCs
pse
P1 > 0
y1*
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y1
P2 < 0
y2*
y2
P3 = 0
y3*
y3
13
Short-Run Industry Equilibrium
Firm 1
ACs
Firm 2
MCs
Firm 3
ACs
ACs
MCs
MCs
pse
P1 > 0
P2 < 0
P3 = 0
y1
y2
y3
y1*
y2*
y3*
Firm 1 wishes Firm 2 wishes Firm 3 is
to remain in
to exit from
indifferent.
the
industry.
the
industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
14
Long-Run Industry Supply
 In
the long-run every firm now in the
industry is free to exit and firms now
outside the industry are free to enter.
 The industry’s long-run supply
function must account for entry and
exit as well as for the supply choices
of firms that choose to be in the
industry.
 How is this done?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
15
Long-Run Industry Supply
 Positive
economic profit induces
entry.
 Economic profit is positive when the
market price pse is higher than a
firm’s minimum av. total cost;
pse > min AC(y).
 Entry increases industry supply,
causing pse to fall.
 When does entry cease?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
16
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
Mkt.
Supply
Y
y
Suppose the industry initially contains
only two firms.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
17
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
p2
p2
Y
y
Then the market-clearing price is p2.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
18
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
p2
p2
Y
y2*
y
Then the market-clearing price is p2.
Each firm produces y2* units of output.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
19
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
p2
p2
P>0
Y
y2*
y
Each firm makes a positive economic
profit, inducing entry by another firm.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
20
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2
p2
Y
y2*
y
Market supply shifts outwards.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
21
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2
p2
Y
y2*
y
Market supply shifts outwards.
Market price falls.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
22
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p3
p3
Y
y3*
y
Each firm produces less.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
23
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p3
p3
Y
P>0
y3*
y
Each firm produces less.
Each firm’s economic profit is reduced.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
24
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p3
p3
Y
P>0
y3*
y
Each firm’s economic profit is positive.
Will another firm enter?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
25
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
p3
S3(p)
S4(p)
Y
p3
y3*
y
Market supply would shift outwards again.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
26
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
p3
S3(p)
S4(p)
Y
p3
y3*
y
Market supply would shift outwards again.
Market price would fall again.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
27
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
S4(p)
p4
p4
Y
y4*
y
Each firm would produce less again.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
28
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
S4(p)
p4
p4
Y
P<0
y4*
y
Each firm would produce less again. Each
firm’s economic profit would be negative.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
29
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
S4(p)
p4
p4
Y
P<0
y4*
y
Each firm would produce less again. Each
firm’s economic profit would be negative.
30
So the fourth firm would not enter.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Long-Run Industry Supply
 The
long-run number of firms in the
industry is the largest number for
which the market price is at least as
large as min AC(y).
 Now we can construct the industry’s
long-run supply curve.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
31
Long-Run Industry Supply
 Suppose
that market demand is large
enough to sustain only two firms in
the industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
32
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2’
p2’
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y2*
y
33
Long-Run Industry Supply
 Suppose
that market demand is large
enough to sustain only two firms in
the industry.
 Then market demand increases, the
market price rises, each firm
produces more, and earns a higher
economic profit.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
34
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2’
p2’
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y2*
y
35
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2”
p2”
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y2*
y
36
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2”
p2”
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y2*
y
37
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2”
p2”
Y
y2*
y
Notice that a 3rd firm will not enter since it
would earn negative economic profits.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
38
Long-Run Industry Supply
 As
market demand increases further,
the market price rises further, the
two incumbent firms each produce
more and earn still higher economic
profits -- until a 3rd firm becomes
indifferent between entering and
staying out.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
39
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2”
p2”
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y2*
y
40
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2’”
p2’”
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y2*
y
41
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2’”
p2’”
Y
y2*
y
A third firm can now enter, causing all firms
to earn zero economic profits.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
42
Long-Run Industry Supply
 So
any further increase in market
demand will cause the number of
firms in the industry to rise to three.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
43
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
S2(p)
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
p2’”
p2’”
Y
y2*
y
The only relevant part of the short-run
supply curve for n = 2 firms in the industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
44
Long-Run Industry Supply
 How
much further can market
demand increase before a fourth firm
enters the industry?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
45
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
S4(p)
p3’
p3’
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y3*
y
46
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p
p
Mkt. Demand
MC(y) AC(y)
S3(p)
S4(p)
p3’
p3’
Y
y3*
y
A 4th firm would now earn negative
economic profits if it entered the industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
47
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p Mkt. Demand
p
MC(y) AC(y)
p3’
S3(p)
S4(p)
Y
p3’
y3*
y
But now a 4th firm would earn zero
economic profit if it entered the industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
48
Long-Run Industry Supply
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
p Mkt. Demand
p
MC(y) AC(y)
p3’
S3(p)
S4(p)
Y
p3’
y3*
y
The only relevant part of the short-run
supply curve for n = 3 firms in the industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
49
Long-Run Industry Supply
 Continuing
in this manner builds the
industry’s long-run supply curve,
one section at-a-time from
successive short-run industry supply
curves.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
50
Long-Run Industry Supply
p
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
Long-Run
Supply Curve
p
MC(y) AC(y)
Y
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y3*
y
51
Long-Run Industry Supply
p
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
Long-Run
Supply Curve
p
MC(y) AC(y)
Y
y3*
y
Notice that the bottom of each segment of
the supply curve is min AC(y).
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
52
Long-Run Industry Supply
 As
each firm gets “smaller” relative to
the industry, the long-run industry
supply curve approaches a horizontal
line at the height of min AC(y).
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
53
Long-Run Industry Supply
p
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
Long-Run
Supply Curve
p
MC(y) AC(y)
Y
y3*
y
Notice that the bottom of each segment of
the supply curve is min AC(y).
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
54
Long-Run Industry Supply
p
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
Long-Run
Supply Curve
p
MC(y)
AC(y)
Y
y*
y
The bottom of each segment of the supply
curve is min AC(y). As firms get “smaller”
55
the segments get shorter.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Long-Run Industry Supply
p
A “Typical” Firm
The Market
Long-Run
Supply Curve
p
MC(y)
AC(y)
Y
y*
y
In the limit, as firms become infinitesimally
small, the industry’s long-run supply
56
curve is horizontal at min AC(y).
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Long-Run Market Equilibrium
Price
 In
the long-run market equilibrium,
the market price is determined solely
by the long-run minimum average
production cost.
Long-run market price is
p e  min AC( y ).
y 0
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
57
Long-Run Implications for
Taxation
 In
a short-run equilibrium, the burden
of a sales or an excise tax is typically
shared by both buyers and sellers,
tax incidence of the tax depending
upon the own-price elasticities of
demand and supply.
 Q: Is this true in a long-run market
equilibrium?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
58
Long-Run Implications for
Taxation
p
Mkt. demand
pe
LR supply (no tax)
Qe
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
X,Y
59
Long-Run Implications for
Taxation
p
Mkt. demand
pb =
pe+t
ps
LR supply (with tax)
t
=pe
Qt
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Qe
LR supply (no tax)
X,Y
60
p
Long-Run Implications for
Taxation
In the long-run the
buyers pay all of a
sales or an excise tax.
Mkt. demand
pb =
pe+t
ps
LR supply (with tax)
t
=pe
Qt
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Qe
LR supply (no tax)
X,Y
61
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 What
if there is a barriers to entry or
exit?
 E.g., the taxi-cab industry has a
barrier to entry even though there are
lots of cabs competing with each
other.
 Liquor licensing is a barrier to entry
into a competitive industry.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
62
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 Q:
When there is a barrier to entry,
will not the firms already in the
industry make positive economic
profits?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
63
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 Q:
When there is a barrier to entry,
will not the firms already in the
industry make positive economic
profits?
 A: No. Each firm in the industry
makes a zero economic profit. Why?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
64
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 An
input (e.g. an operating license)
that is fixed in the long-run causes a
long-run fixed cost, F.
 Long-run total cost, c(y) = F + cv(y).
 And long-run average total cost,
AC(y) = AFC(y) + AVC(y).
 In the long-run equilibrium, what will
be the value of F?
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
65
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 Think
of a firm that needs an operating
license -- the license is a fixed input
that is rented but not owned by the firm.
 If the firm makes a positive economic
profit then another firm can offer the
license owner a higher price for it. In
this way, all firms’ economic profits are
competed away, to zero.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
66
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 So
in the long-run equilibrium, each
firm makes a zero economic profit
and each firm’s fixed cost is its
payment for its operating license.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
67
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
$/output unit
MC(y)
AC(y)
AVC(y)
pe
The firm’s economic
profit is zero.
y*
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
y
68
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
$/output unit
MC(y)
AC(y)
AVC(y)
pe
F
The firm’s economic
profit is zero.
y*
y
F is the payment to the owner of the fixed
input (the license).
69
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
 Economic
rent is the payment for an
input that is in excess of the
minimum payment required to have
that input supplied.
 Each license essentially costs zero
to supply, so the long-run economic
rent paid to the license owner is the
firm’s long-run fixed cost.
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
70
Fixed Inputs and Economic Rent
$/output unit
MC(y)
AC(y)
AVC(y)
pe
F
The firm’s economic
profit is zero.
y*
y
F is the payment to the owner of the fixed
input (the license); F = economic rent.
71
© 2010 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.