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Section 1: From Appeasement to War Scenario What would you do……. If you are a parent, you have a thousand things to do during the day and all your child keeps asking for is a cookie. You say no the first time. You go back to doing your chores and your child keeps asking for the cookie…he/she throws a temper tantrum for the cookie. Would you give the child the cookie?? Why or why not??? Objective: Define appeasement and explain how it lead Europe into WW2. Setting the Stage After the horror of WWI, Western democracies try to preserve peace during the 1930s, but ignored the signs of aggression by Germany, Italy and Japan Start @30:40 Aggression Goes Unchecked Dictators took aggressive action, but were met with verbal protest, pleas for peace, and slaps on the wrist League of Nations couldn’t do anything due to lack of military Mussolini, Hitler, and Tojo thought peace meant weakness. ○ Use it to continue aggression Japan Overruns Manchuria and Eastern China First “technical” act of WWII= Japan invading Manchuria Japan believed they deserved an empire. What did League of Nations do? Condemned Japan SO Japan left League 1937: Japan overran much of eastern China ○ Again League does nothing NOTE: USA sends aide to China-angers Japan (important for later) Spain Spain/Franco stay out of WWII because Britain/Churchill pay them $100 million to stay out of the war Franco accepts! Italy Takes Ethiopia (Africa) Mussolini wants to build up Italy 1st Target: Ethiopia Bitter from loss during Age of Imperialism (Menelik II) Italy took Ethiopia (modern warfare) League of Nations issued sanctions (penalties) ○ no power to enforce sanctions “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow” –Ethiopian Leader Next target: Albania (Balkans in Eastern Europe) Hitler Goes Against the Treaty of Versailles 1933: Hitler took Germany out of League of Nations and started rebuilding military 1936: Hitler sent troops into Rhineland Leaves France & Belgium open to attack Gains Hitler popularity at home b/c of German hatred to Treaty League of Nations Response: Appeasement: giving into demands of aggressor in order to keep peace Keeping the Peace: Reasons for Appeasement France: political instability Great Britain: no desire to confront Hitler Great Britain and France: believed fascism better than communism Main Focus= Great Depression Faith in diplomacy & compromise Pacifism: opposition to all war!! Didn’t want destruction like WW1 Fear of new modern technology Believed Hitler’s actions were justified by harsh treatment of Treaty of Versailles Misreading Hitler’s intentions What did the US do? Neutrality Acts (mid1930s): a series of acts passed by the US Congress from 1935-1939 that aimed to keep US from becoming involved in WW2. 1. 2. 3. Can’t sell arms to any nation at war. Outlawed loans to warring nations and prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of warring powers. ISOLATIONISM: avoid involvement in European War Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Alliance= RomeBerlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers) Agreement: fight Soviet communism Not to interfere with one another’s plans for territorial expansion German Aggression Continues: Hitler’s Goal: bring all German-speaking people into the Third Reich Gain more living space for German people-Labenschraum Eastern Europe: Because Germans are superior, Germany had the right to conquer the Slavs in the East “I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin.” Economic Purpose to combat the Great Depression: production of military equipment would benefit German industry. Gain new raw materials and markets in the east Austria Annexed: Anschluss: union of Austria (Hitler’s homeland) and Germany 1. Austria refused 2. Hitler sent German Army to “preserve order” Treaty of Versailles violation League Response: NOTHING!!! The Czech Crisis: Sudetenland: region of western Czechoslovakia to Germany The people of Hainspach in Czech Sudetenland welcome the German troops with a banner which reads 'Wir Danken Unserem Fuhrer!' ('We Thank Our Leader'), Munich Conference: 1938 Great Britain and France met with Germany in response to Hitler’s demand Both countries agreed to give in to Hitler’s demands to avoid war Demanded Czechs surrender to Hitler MUNICH PACT: Hitler promised GB and France he would not take over rest of Czechoslovakia “Peace for Our Time:” Neville Chamberlain (PM of GB) came back to GB and said he created “Peace for our time!” To Parliament: “The Munich Pact saved Czechoslovakia from destruction & Europe from Armageddon” In France….cheering crowds were told they were fools Winston Churchill: British politician- said the leaders “had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have war.” Appeasement Packet Complete task on first page – discuss and write down your answers On page two, complete task at the top – answer all the questions On page three, complete task at the bottom – make the required chart Europe Plunges Toward War: March 1939: Hitler brakes Munich Pact and took over the rest of Czechoslovakia Democracies realized Appeasement failed The Democracies promised to help Poland (Hitler’s next target!) Winston Churchill – Speech to Parliament "we shall fight them on the beaches...." 2 minutes How does Prime Minister Churchill emphasize his points? How does his display his confidence in victory? Who does he think will ultimately rescue Britain and France if they fail? Nazi-Soviet Pact (Non-Aggression Pact) August 1939: Hitler and Stalin signed the NonAggression Pact Bound Hitler and Stalin to peaceful relations. Secretly agreed not to fight one another if one went to war. Divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe Based on mutual need Hitler: Hitler wanted Poland Did not want to fight 2- front war Stalin: Trying to protect Soviet Union from war Gain land "The scum of the earth, I believe?". To which Stalin replies, "The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?" Invasion of Poland September 1, 1939: one week after NonAggression Pact; Hitler and Soviet Union invade Poland Soviet Union from East Hitler from West 2 days later- Britain and France declare war on Germany WWII Begins EXIT SLIP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did Germany, Italy & Japan want empires? How did re-armament affect Germany? (3 Reasons) Why did Hitler feel justified in taking over Austria & the Sudetenland? What convinced Britain & France to end the policy of appeasement? What provoked the start of WWII in Europe? The Axis Attacks Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland from the West using blitzkrieg “lightning war” 1. Luftwaffe (German air force) bombs airfield, factories, towns, and cities. Dive bombers go after civilians and troops 2. Fast moving tanks and troops push their way into defending Polish army 3. Encircle troops from all sides, forcing surrender Stalin invades Poland from East Britain & France declare war on Germany No help to Poland since invasion was so fast Poland fell to Germany & Soviet Union within 1 month Stalin also seized Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, & Finland for military bases and access to ocean Hitler then uses blitzkrieg on Norway & Denmark Germany Heads to France May 1940: Germany invades France through Ardennes Forest in Belgium (the “invasion proof” area not protected by Maginot Line) “Miracle of Dunkirk”, but France Falls Germans backed Britain & France troops to English Channel at the town of Dunkirk British rescued 300,000 French & British troops to Britain Germany invades from north through Belgium Italy invades from south France surrenders in same place Germany signed armistice in WWI Germany occupied North Set up puppet state from South: Vichy *NOTE: Germany did not give land to Italy Operation Sea Lion Hitler’s Plan to invade Britain use Luftwaffe Bomb Britain daily on military bases RAF (Royal Air Force) battles back Luftwaffe turns to London & other major cities, attacking civilians London: Keep Calm and Carry On After almost 1 year of continuous bombing, Operation Sea Lion = FAIL Italy’s Role North Africa Tried for Egypt, but stopped by British Hitler forced to help, opening up another front ○ Send Rommel- “Desert Fox”=very successful in North Africa Another Mussolini Failure The Balkans Greece ○ Mussolini’s forces couldn’t handle Greek resistance ○ Hitler had to bail Mussolini out again-now has 3 fronts ○ Axis controlled Greece & Yugoslavia, but were constantly menaced by guerillas Bulgaria & Hungary joined Axis ○ By 1941, Axis controlled most of Europe Checkpoint ? Which Regions fell under Axis Rule by 1941? Name 2 Germany Invades Soviet Union With Failure in Britain, Hitler turned to Soviet Union Nullifies Nazi-Soviet Pact Hitler’s biggest mistake!!! Operation Barbarossa Why invade Soviet Union? Ural Mountains: raw materials Siberia: forests Ukraine: Wheat Access to Middle East: oil End communism 3 million Germans Invade & Stalin is not prepared During Great Purge, Stalin had “cleaned out” majority of officers, so military lacked leadership Russia lost 2.5 million men right away Russians used scorchedearth policy w/crops & destroyed factories Germans quickly reached outside of Moscow & Leningrad (present day St. Petersburg) Leningrad Germans sat & waited outside Leningrad until winter set in Germans not prepared-many froze to death 2 ½ year battle for Leningrad > 1 million Russians died but kept Germany from gaining the city Checkpoint ? : What caused Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union to stall? Complete two “Write Abouts” 1. Italy’s role in war 2. Germany’s Invasion of U.S.S.R. (USSR = Soviet Union = Russia largest member nation) Life Under Nazi Occupation Unless Aryan, pushed aside to provide “living space” for Germans Shot, tortured, concentration camps ○ Concentration camps: detention centers for civilians who were “enemies of the state” Labor camps & death camps Enemies included Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled, political & religious opposition, P.O.Ws Conquered countries were plundered for all resources Holocaust Upon invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler implemented “Final Solution”-organized murder of European Jews Rounded up and sent to live in ghettosconfined parts within cities for Jews GOAL: die of disease & starvation Extermination Mass Shootings Mass Graves Death Camps Speed up process 6 special death camps in Poland ○ Auschwitz, Birkenau, Treblinka, Dachau Arbeit Macht Frei: Labor Makes You Free Death Camps Valuables taken Heads Shaved Separated men, women, & children Young, elderly, sick killed immediately Gassed, starved or worked to death, used for medical experiments Cremated to cover up evidence & mass graves took up too much room Cost 6 million Jews died = 2/3 of all European Jews 6 million others died Some families totally wiped out Others just learning or still searching for answers as to what happened to loved ones Refuge in Other Countries? Friends, neighbors, strangers protected Jews & others Italy: despite being Axis power, did not deport or take part in extermination Denmark & Bulgaria saved almost whole Jewish population Allies helped and ignored ○ Strict immigration policies kept Jews from emigrating Hitler encouraged emigration France accepted 40,000 Britain = 80,000, but refused anymore people after that USA = 100,000 Mainly persons of “exceptional merit” due to fear of strain on the economy, spies, & own Anti-Semitism ○ St. Louis-ship-from Europe to USA not allowed to unload in USA & forced to return to Europe ○ Occupants all died in concentration camps Checkpoint ? : Despite Neutrality, USA looked for ways to help Allies Lend-Lease Act USA to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the USA” Warships & aid to Britain Aid to China “arsenal of democracy” supplying arms to those fighting for freedom Atlantic Charter Secret Meeting between FDR & Churchill “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny” “support right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live” “permanent system of general security” Hitler’s Response to Lend-Lease Orders U-Boats to attack all supply convoys from any country, including USA FDR allows navy to attack German Uboats in self-defense Later becomes shoot on site Checkpoint ? Does the USA sound neutral? Where have we seen these steps the USA is taking with the Allies before? Do you think Hitler has a right to attack supply ships, including ships belonging to the USA? MISSION: Help Asians escape Western colonial rule GOAL: Japanese Empire TREATMENT OF OTHER ASIANS: • Brutality • Killing • Torture • Seized food • Destroyed cities • Enslaved people Why is Japan Angry with the USA? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gentlemen’s Agreement US territories in Asia & Pacific US gives Aid to China after Japanese invasion & rape of Nanking Cut sale of war materials, especially oil after Japan increased aggression in Asia in 1940 Views US as threat to their economy and goal in creating an empire USA is not truly neutral Bottomline Tojo wants to expand USA getting in his way After USA cuts sale of materials to Japan, enter peace talks with Japan to avoid war -Japan envoy told to reject all proposals by the USA Why? “The date which will live in infamy…” DECEMBER 7, 1941: “The United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the empire of Japan” –FDR Tojo launched surprise attack by bombing Pearl Harbor in Hawaii 2400 died & majority of US Pacific fleet & air force destroyed 1:03.252:06 Memorial at USS Arizona Declaration of War December 8, 1941: USA declares official war with Japan December 11: Germany & Italy declare war on USA *bombing of Pearl Harbor as big of mistake for Japan as invasion of Soviet Union by Germany The Allies Turn the Tide Beginning in 1942, Germany was severely bombing Britain & moving deeper into the Soviet Union. Japan had taken over most of the Pacific. BUT the USA is just now entering the war Need to Cover Kamikaze – use of shows how Japan’s culture valued national honor over individual life Why use atomic bomb? – many more lives would have been lost if we would have had to invade mainland Japan Big Three – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Nuremberg Trials – national leaders could be held accountable for war time actions Allies Use Total War Total War: devote all of nations resources to the war effort Democratic governments took more power Order factories to make planes, tanks, guns & ammo, instead of daily necessities Rationed food Issued war bonds: people lend money to government to be paid back with interest after the war Helped end depression & decreased unemployment Used propaganda Japanese Internment in USA After Pearl Harbor, Japanese citizens lost jobs, property & civil rights FDR orders Japanese citizens in western USA to internment camps due to possible security risk 1988: USA offers reparations to families for improper internment during WWII Question ? Do you think such actions are ever justified by a democratic Government? WHY or WHY NOT? THINK ABOUT SEPTEMBER 11th!!! 1942-1943 Turning Points Allies begin to take control on all 4 fronts: Pacific North Africa Soviet Union France The Big 3 F.D. Roosevelt – USA Winston Churchill – Britain Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union Form Alliance based on need, not trust Democracy vs communism Agreed upon strategy Victory in Europe 1st Then victory in Pacific Pacific Theater USA wins battle of Coral Sea Handicaps Japanese Navy & Air Force Battle of Midway USA wins Takes out major portions of Japan’s navy and air force to the point Japan will never recover North Africa & Italy Battle of El Alamein Allies win led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower Force Rommel & Germany to surrender in 1943 in Africa Italy Defeat southern Italy within 1 month Italian people overthrow Mussolini & sign armistice Hitler sends in reinforcements and controls northern Italy until the end of the war ○ Forced Hitler to fight on another front Soviet Union After being stalled at Leningrad, Hitler changed plans to hit oil fields in southern Soviet Union near Stalingrad Soviet victory in Stalingrad, Red Army continued to push Germans out of the Soviet Union By 1944, Red Army advanced into eastern Europe France Under Eisenhower, Allies planned massive invasion from Britain into France Began with bombers flying over Germany Destroying factories, aircraft, railroads & bridges in both France & Germany June 5, 1944: Allies dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines D-Day: June 6, 1944 D-Day: Day of attack for Operation Overlord 156,000 Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy, France Liberating Paris/France Freed By August 1944, led by General George S. Patton, armored divisions rolled toward Paris Allied forces moved in from south from Italy By August 25-France was freed from German control Western Front For 2 years, Germany dealt with constant bombing of military bases, factories, railroads, oil depots & cities GOAL: cripple German industry & destroy morale Battle of Bulge: Belgium 1 month offensive by Germans-last offensive Allies won Allies advanced to Berlin from west, Soviet Union from east Yalta Conference-Feb. 1945 Meeting of Big 3 in Yalta, Soviet Union Decided: Soviet Union would enter war vs Japan within 3 months of German defeat In return, Soviet Union would gain land in Asia, including area in Korea Germany divided into 4 zones: USA, France, Britain, Soviet Union Stalin also promises free elections in Eastern Europe Nazis Defeated April 1945: Soviets take Berlin Hitler commits suicide May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders In Italy, Italians execute Mussolini V-E Day: Victory in Europe May 8, 1945 How did Allies Win in Europe? 1. 2. 3. 4. Location of Axis Powers-forced to fight multiple fronts at the same time Poor decisions by Hitler-failed to realize Soviet Unions abilities USA entered war-industry overpowered all Axis powers combined Allied bombing disabled German industry-oil so scarce that Luftwaffe was grounded at D-Day The Pacific May 1942- Japan controlled SE Asia & Pacific Islands Philippines: Bataan Death March ○ 400-500 American & 10,000 Filipinos died from starvation, thirst, murder, torture USA Take Offensive in Pacific After Midway & Coral Sea, USA takes offensive Guadalcanal: Allies win “Island-hopping” campaign begins GOAL: ○ Captured islands=stepping stones to next objective = Japan Americans led by Douglas MacArthur Admiral Nimitz blockaded Japan Bombers launched attacks on industry, military bases & cities Japan will fight to the Death Mid-1945: Japan lost most of navy & air force, but still had a standing army of 2 million Iwo Jima: Critical as base from which planes could reach Japan Okinawa: Only 200 Japanese soldiers survive Japanese use Kamikaze: pilot who’d fly suicide missions to destroy plans into ships Japanese culture values national honor over individual life ??Invade Japan or THE BOMB?? Manhattan Project Creating & using effective atomic bomb Led by Oppenheimer American scientists understood that by splitting the atom, an explosion more powerful than the world had ever seen Harry Truman took office when FDR died Weighed the loss of American life with an invasion of Japan (1.5 million estimated to die) vs using the bomb Oppenheimer Fat Boy & Little Man Potsdam & Hiroshima @ Potsdam Conference, Truman issued warning to Japan “surrender or face complete destruction and utter devastation” Japan did not respond August 6, 1945: USA dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshimamajor military center Destroyed 4 square miles & instantly killed > 70,000 people More were killed later due to radiation sickness Japan doesn’t surrender Nagasaki & Surrender Aug. 8, 1945: Soviet Union declared war on Japan & invaded Manchuria Japan still doesn’t surrender Aug. 9: USA drops 2nd bomb on Nagasaki Killing> 40,000 people Aug. 10: Emperor Hirohito intervenes (action not usually taken by emperor) Surrenders What will the USA do with Japan? Sept 1945: Formal peace treaty signed with Japan Gen. MacArthur commands US Forces in Japan to reshape government & economy Democracy with constitution Emperor = figurehead 1951: US leaves Japan and alliance set up between USA & Japan The End Death Toll: 50 million 30 million in Europe ○ Over ½ = civilians Total war destroyed countries to point of being unrecognizable Cities, factories, harbors, bridges, railroads, farms & homes Refugees, hunger, disease, mental illness Nuremberg Trials Horrors of Holocaust Allies put Nazi criminals on trial for “crimes against humanity” Nuremburg, Germany- symbolic since Hitler staged some of his first rallies to gain power there 200 tried & most found guilty ○ Speer, Hess, Goering ○ Some received death penalty Many fled and were never found-some still being arrested, tried and convicted (Nazi Hunters) Showed political & military leaders could be held accountable-people responsible for actions during war Similar trials were held in Japan United Nations Formed 50 Nations create United Nations Each nation = 1 vote in General Assembly Security Council = 5 permanent members ○ USA, Soviet Union (now Russia), Britain, France, China ○ Have to right to veto General Assembly vote ○ GOAL: ensure peace Apply economic sanctions Send peace-keeping military force to resolve disputes World Problems UN Resolves Prevent outbreak of disease Improve education Protect refugees Help nations develop economies Includes Agencies: World Health Organization Food & Agriculture Organization Checkpoint ? What are some major differences between League of Nations & the United Nations?