Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Foundations and Classical Time Period Review! UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next inevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple foodraising stage for thousands of years— without developing any sort of civilization Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their own China Indus River Valley Mesopotamia/Egypt Central America and Peru Primary Phase Cultures ca. 3000-2500 B.C. to about 1800-1500 B.C. Either disappeared or changed by 1500 B.C. Common characteristics Consistent, worldwide Common Characteristics ?? Water!! Deserts of river cultures short on resources River Valley Civilizations Opportunity to adapt environment Suitable for domesticated plants/animals Relatively stable (a bit hot) climate GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river valley civilizations. Early River Valley Civilizations Environment Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley China Mesoamerica & Andes • Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable • No natural barriers • Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings • Flooding of the Nile predictable • Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages • Deserts were natural barriers • Indus flooding unpredictable • Monsoon winds • Mountains, deserts were natural barriers • Huang He flooding unpredictable • Mountains, deserts natural barriers • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations • Mountains and ocean natural barriers • Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait. Sumerian Writing: cuneiform Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet. Sumerians invented: Brick technology Wheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar arch ramp ziggurat Ziggurat – Holy Mountain Babylon First know written law code “Rule of Law” Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” Hieroglyphics Pyramids Geometry Advances in medicine and surgery Nile River Sahara Desert Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC Harappan culture Well planned cities Grid pattern Modern plumbing Built on mud brick platforms Larger cities Protected against seasonal floods Houses built of baked brick Smaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brick Aryan Migration pastoral depended on their cattle warriors horse-drawn chariots Varna (Social Hierarchy) Brahmins Kshatriyas Vaishyas Shudras Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables Shang China 1600 BC – 1027 BC Yellow River Valley Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Advanced culture Divinations Religion Astronomy Calendar Art Medicine Shang China 1600 BC – 1122 BC Religion Human as well as animal sacrifices Regarded their land as only civilized land and called it Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: Strong sense of identity Superiority Center of earth Sole source of civilization Zhou China 1122 BC – 256 BC Bronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of Heaven Veneration of ancestors Power to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler not just All must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Era of Warring States Mesoamerica and Andean South America 2900 BC – 1400 BC Mesoamerica Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans Pottery Stone bowls Beads No draft animals Mesoamerica and Andean South America 3500 BC – 1400 BC Andes Textiles technology Sophisticated government Religion Lacked ceramics Largely without art Most impressive achievement was monumental architecture Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazas Civilization Cities that served as administrative centers Political system based on control or defined territory rather than on connections of kinship Significant number of people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities Status distinctions, usually linked to accumulation of substantial wealth by some groups Monumental building System for keeping permanent records Long distance trade Major advances in science and arts Richard W. Bulliet Civilization "All peoples from small bands of hunters and gatherers to farmers and factory workers live in societies. All societies produce cultures: combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction. But not all societies and cultures generate the surplus production that permits the levels of specialization, scale, and complexity that distinguish civilizations from other social organizations. All people are capable of building civilizations, but many have lacked the resource base, historical circumstance, or, quite simply, the motivation of doing so.“ Peter Stearns on culture vs. civilization Classical India Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 CE) Chandragupta Unified northern India after Alexander the Great withdrew Set up efficient bureaucracy Asoka (grandson) Dedicated life to Buddha Continued bureaucracy Hospitals, roads Gupta Empire (320-647 CE) Chandra Gupta I Bureaucracy Allowed local government in south Social Structure Patriarchal Women were legally minors Women under control of fathers, husbands and sons Caste system continued International Trade Routes Items Traded spices gold & ivory Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture. Gupta Achievements 500 healing plants identified 1000 diseases classified Printed medicinal guides Plastic Surgery Kalidasa Literature Medicine Inoculations C-sections performed Decimal System Gupta India Mathematics Concept of Zero PI = 3.1416 Solar Calendar Astronomy The earth is round Classical China Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty Shi Huangdi Legalist rule Bureaucratic, centralized control Military expansion Book burnings --> targeted Confucianists Buried protestors alive! (221-206 BCE) Terra Cotta Army Great Wall Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) Strong, centralized bureaucracy Extended Great Wall Roads (including Silk Road), canals Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE) Public schools Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam Civil service system Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House Han – Roman Empire Connection Trade Routes of the Ancient World Classical Greece Early History (3000 BCE-750 BCE) Minoans Hellenes Crete Seafaring merchants Sophisticated civilization Merged with native Greeks Dark Age Homer Geographic Influence Mountains Insufficient farmland Founded colonies on Mediterranean coast Location Independent city-states Peninsula in Mediterranean Exchange of culture/trade Deep harbors Numerous good harbors on its irregular coastline City-States Athens Democratic, leading city-state Sparta Aristocratic/military Corinth Trading city-state center United by language, culture and fear of Persians Alexander the Great (336-323 BCE) Taught by Aristotle Conquered Persian Empire Created Hellenistic culture Died suddenly at 33 Athenian Contributions Theater, poetry and historical writing Science and math Architecture and sculpture Philosophy Socrates Plato Individual Group Aristotle World Classical Rome Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE) 1500BC-Latins crossed Alps Founded Rome Conquered by Etruscans New Romans Roads, walls, & buildings Metal weapons Republic 500-27 BCE Social aristocracy Patricians Plebeians Senate Conquered Mediterranean world Italian Peninsula and west Client states Spread Greek culture Began to end with assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE Empire 27 BCE-476 CE Octavian (Augustus) Spread Greco-Roman civilization Law, language, historical writing Trade, industry, science, architecture Diocletian Began Pax Romana Divided Empire Constantine Reunited empire Converted to Christianity Germanic Invasion Germans allowed to settle Huns pushed more Germans in 476 CE—last Roman emperor Classical Mesoamerica Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE) Led by ruler-priests Only known fully developed written language of time/area Art, architecture Writing, math, astronomy, calendar Cultural diffusion across Mesoamerica Chavin (900 BCE-200 BCE) Pottery Metalwork (including gold and silver) Religion promoted fertility Built temples Used hallucinogens Trade Why civilizations fall External War Natural disaster Disease Internal Overpopulation Economic problems Social disruption Political struggles How do civilizations collapse? Population size and density decrease dramatically Society tends to become less politically centralized Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminished The flow of information among people slows The ruling elites may change, but usually the working classes tend to remain and provide continuity Is it possible to prevent collapse? Every society must: answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). Thuman and Bennet provide meaning and motivation to its members. Unit 1— Foundations 8000 BCE to 600 CE