Download Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Name _______________________________________________ Period _______
Date ____________
LAB 2: CONNECTIVE, MUSCULAR, NERVE TISSUES
PURPOSE:
To use a microscope to examine the similarities and differences between connective, muscular, and nervous
tissues in Homo sapiens (humans).
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How does the structure of each type of tissue relate to its function?
Background (source: HASPI):
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type in the
body. It is not as dense as epithelial tissue, and is made
up of cells, fibers, and extracellular components
embedded in fluid. This structure allows connective tissue
to provide ample support, while also staying pliable.
Cells called fibroblasts are responsible for producing
connective tissues. Blood, bone, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments, adipose (fat), and lymph are all examples of
connective tissue.
The extracellular portion of connective tissue primarily
includes the following:
 Interstitial fluid – fluid that contains proteins and cells
 Adhesion proteins – allow cells to bind to each other
and to structural fibers
 Proteoglycans – proteins that act to filter fluids
through the ground substance
 Collagen – extremely strong fibers that provide
support
 Elastin – fibers that are able to stretch and return to
their original shape, much like a rubber band
 Reticular fibers – fine networking fibers
Connective tissue functions to protect, store energy,
support, transport, insulate, and connect all body tissues.
These tissues can be highly vascular, but can also be
avascular, such as with cartilage. In the avascular tissues,
they tend to be made up of more extracellular (non-living)
matrices, or substances, rather than of cellular components.
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Types of Connective Tissues
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Regular
Irregular
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Blood
Loose Connective Tissue
Binds cells and fibers together, but also allows movement
Fat; stores nutrients, insulates, and protects organs
Much like dense spider webbing; allows for structure and flow of substances
Dense Connective Tissue
Make up tendon and ligaments; tightly organized bundles of collagen
Make up the dermis; tight bundles of collagen that are unorganized
Cartilage
Provides support while still being pliable; most abundant form of cartilage
Provides support while still able to stretch
Provides strong support and handles heavy pressure
Other Tissues
Support; hard tissue of collagen fibers and calcium surrounding osteocytes
Tissue that contains red blood cells, proteins, and fluid called plasma
MUSCULAR, NERVOUS TISSUES
BACKGROUND (Source: HASPI):
The cells of muscle tissue are extremely long and contain protein fibers capable of contracting to provide
movement. The bulk of muscle tissue is made up of two proteins, myosin and actin. These proteins are
organized into muscle fibers called myofilaments, and can be arranged into even larger bundles to create
muscles. Muscle tissues are separated into three main types depending on the arrangement of these
myofilaments. These include skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle is also considered “voluntary muscle” and
makes up the muscles that are attached to our skeleton by
tendons. These muscles can be contracted voluntarily and
function in movement and maintenance of posture. About
35-45% of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle
tissue. When skeletal muscle tissue is observed, there are
visible striations, or lines that can be seen.
Smooth muscle is also known as “involuntary muscle” and
makes up the lining of most of the organs of the body. This
includes the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, blood
vessels, bladder, and uterus just as a few examples.
These muscles do not contract voluntarily and do not have
visible striations. For example, in a process called
peristalsis smooth muscle contracts in waves to push food
from the esophagus all the way through until it is
expelled out the anus.
Cardiac muscle makes up the heart, and is an extremely
dense strong tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue has a very
large number of mitochondria to provide the energy source
for the continuous contracting action of the heart. Cardiac
muscle tissue is striated like skeletal muscle tissue, but
also has myofilaments arranged into larger striations called
intercalated discs that join cardiac muscle fibers together.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves and is responsible for communication.
There are two main cells that make up nervous
tissue: neurons and neuroglia cells. Neurons are
responsible for sending and receiving messages
while neuroglia provide support and nutrients for
neurons.
MATERIALS:
Compound light microscope, Prepared slides, Computer with Wi-Fi, Pencil and colored pencils
PROCEDURE:
Part A. Identify the Connective Tissue
Use the tissue charts on the class website to review connective tissue types. Then identify the following tissue
samples A-O. Write your answers on the line in each box.
A. ___________________
B.____________________
C. ____________________
D. ___________________
E. ___________________
F. ____________________
G. ___________________
H. ___________________
I. _____________________
J. ____________________
K. ___________________
L. ____________________
M. ___________________
N. ___________________
O. ___________________
Identify the Muscle and Nervous Tissue
Use the tissue charts and “Types of Tissues” slide set on the class website to review muscular and nervous
tissue types. Then identify the following tissue samples A-F. Write your answers on the line in each box.
A.
___________________
B.____________________
C.
____________________
D.
___________________
E. ___________________ F. ____________________
Part B. Practice Identification of Normal Tissues
Use the prepared slides and your computer and the following website to choose slides to view:
http://medsci.indiana.edu/c602web/602/c602web/virtual_nrml/nrml_lst.htm
For each type of tissue, choose a listed organ and find that type of epithelial tissue on that organ slide.
• REMEMBER there may be multiple tissue types on many of the slides.
• Start by searching at the edges of the slide sample for the epithelial tissues, and focus at the cell
level.
• You may need to move the slide around to find a good example
• You may need to look up/research the organ function if it is unfamiliar (use PubMed Health Topics)
• Use blue for the nucleus, yellow for the cytoplasm, and red for the cell membrane.
a. Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
Slide Choices: areolar tissue slide, under epithelium, mucous membranes, surrounding capillaries
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
b. Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Slide Choices: Fat or adipose slide, under skin, around kidneys, around eye, breast, abdomen
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
c. Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
Slide Choices: Reticular tissue slide, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
d. Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
Slide Choices: Dense regular tissue slide, tendons, ligaments
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
e. Cartilage: hyaline
Slide Choices: Hyaline cartilage, embryo skeleton, end of long bones, costal cartilage, nose,
trachea, larynx
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
i. Bone (osseous tissue)
Slide Choices: Bone
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
j. Blood
Slide Choices: Blood, red blood cell smear
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
a. Skeletal muscle
Slide Choices: Skeletal muscle
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
b. Cardiac muscle
Slide Choices: Heart
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
c. Smooth muscle
Slide Choices: Smooth muscle, wall of any hollow organ
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
d. Nervous tissue: neurons
Slide Choices: Brain, spinal cord, nerve
Tissue Function
Draw an example. Use colored pencils.
ANALYSIS (attach extra sheets as needed):
1. What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?
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2. What is the difference between areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue?
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3. What is the difference between regular and irregular dense tissue?
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4. What is the difference between hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage?
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5. What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
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6. What is the difference between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle?
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7. What are the lines in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
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8. What is an intercalated disc? Why are these not seen in skeletal muscles?
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9. How is the shape of a neuron suited to its purpose?
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