Download Intro to animal structure and function powerpoint

 Be
able to give an example of the
hierarchy of body plans from cells to
body systems
 Name the structure and function of the
different tissues: epithelial, connective,
muscle and nervous
 Tissues
make up organs, which together
make up organ systems
 Most animals are composed of specialized
cells organized into tissues that have
different functions
 Different
tissues have different structures that
are suited to their functions
 Tissues are classified into four main
categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and
nervous
•
Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and
lines the organs and cavities within the body
– shape
• cuboidal (like dice)
• columnar (like bricks on end)
• squamous (like floor tiles)
– The arrangement
• simple (single cell layer)
• stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
• pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying
length)
Fig. 40-5a
Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal
epithelium
Simple
columnar
epithelium
Pseudostratified
ciliated
columnar
epithelium
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Simple
squamous
epithelium
•
six major types of connective tissue:
– Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to
underlying tissues and holds organs in place
– Cartilage: strong and flexible support material
– Fibrous connective tissue: found in tendons,
which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments,
which connect bones at joints
–
–
–
Adipose tissue: fat cells
Blood: blood cells and plasma
Bone: your skeleton
•
connective tissue fiber (all made of protein)
– Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility
– Elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original
length
– Reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent
tissues
•
Connective tissue cells
– Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extracellular
fibers
– Macrophages: involved in the immune system
Fig. 40-5c
Connective Tissue
Loose
connective
tissue
Chondrocytes
Cartilage
Elastic fiber
Chondroitin
sulfate
Nuclei
100 µm
120 µm
Collagenous fiber
Fat droplets
Adipose
tissue
Osteon
150 µm
30 µm
Fibrous
connective
tissue
White blood cells
Blood
55 µm
700 µm
Bone
Central canal
Plasma
Red blood
cells
 Muscle
tissue consists of long cells called
muscle fibers, which contract in response to
nerve signals
 Three
types:
• Skeletal muscle: or striated muscle, is
responsible for voluntary movement
• Smooth muscle:responsible for involuntary body
activities
• Cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of
the heart
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 40-5j
Muscle Tissue
Multiple
nuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
Skeletal
muscle
Nucleus
100 µm
Intercalated
disk
50 µm
Cardiac muscle
Nucleus
Smooth
muscle
Muscle
fibers
25 µm
 Nervous
tissue senses stimuli and transmits
signals throughout the animal
 Nervous tissue contains:
• Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve
impulses
• Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and
replenish neurons
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 Fill
out the tissue identification chart
Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium
 Secretion
and absorption
 Found on the surface of ovaries, the lining
of nephrons, the walls of the renal
tubules (kidney), and parts of the eye and
thyroid.
Striated (skeletal) muscle cells
 For
movement
 Ex. Found in biceps, triceps,
 Send
signals to and from your brain and
spinal cord
 Found throughout your body, but are most
concentrated in your brain and spinal
cord
Blood cells
 Include
red blood cells and white blood
cells
 Found in blood vessels
 What
are some adaptations that help
organisms exchange nutrients, waste and
gasses with the environment
 How do animals maintain homeostasis,
especially in terms of heat (include in
your answer how feedback mechanisms
work)
 What are the two main adaptations to
satisfy energy requirements and what are
the pros and cons of each.
 Exchange
with the environment
 Homeostasis
• Heat/Cold
• Salinity
• Blood sugar
 Energy
requirements
*Form (anatomy) must meet
function(physiology)
 Must
exchange
• Nutrients
• Waste
• Gasses
• What advantage would single celled organisms have
and how do larger organisms deal with this?
 Regulator–
controls
an environmental
variable
• Ex. Endothermic
organism
 Conformer
–
conforms to its
environment
• EX. Ectothermic
organism

Negative feedback
loops have a set point,
and senses the
deviation from the set
point and then sends
out a response
Ex. Sweat

Positive feedbacks do
not normally
contribute to
homeostasis
• Ex. Child birth
 Hypothalamus
is
responsible for
sensing and
responding to body
temperatures
• Note: the same blood
vessel supplies blood
to hypothalamus and
ear – that is why we
can use an ear
thermometer
 Using
the Environment
• Behavioral responses – such as moving to
different areas that are cold or hot
 Using
Physiology
• Insulation
• Adjusting metabolic heat production (shivering)
• Circulatory adaptations
 Hint: one
way is conduction: By directly
transferring heat (ex. Reptile sitting on a
hot rock.)
 These
are a good example of behavioral
responses
 Thermogenesis
– heat production in the
body either my muscle movement or
metabolic activity producing more heat
than ATP
 Shivering
 Sweating
 Panting
(dogs)
in birds and other mammals
 Trap
the heat
• Ex. Blubber in whales or fluffed up feathers in
birds
 Problem: Ducks
feet need circulation, but
the cold water will make the venus blood
cold which will chill the body.
 Countercurrent
exchange to the rescue!!!
 Ectothermy
– few can
live in below-freezing
weather (Must live in
fairly stable
climates), but could
live where food is
scarce.
 Endothermy
– can
live in more variable
environments, but
cannot live where
food is scarce.