Download II. The Emotional Appeal 179-180

I. The Rational Appeal section
-179
Sample Test Question:
• Which one of the following
features of argument explains that
because its conclusions about one
thing rest upon observations about
some different thing, analogy is
the weakest form of appeal to
reason?
• Rational Appeal
• Emotional Appeal
• Ferreting Out Fallacies
• Ethical Appeal
II.
The Emotional Appeal
179-180
• Emotional appeal can be a
powerful reinforcement in your
argument.
– Good examples in chapter
•
takes planning
Sample Test Question:
• Which of the following features of
argument is being used when the
audience is shown World Trade
Center footage in order to collect
money for the firefighters’
families?
• Rational Appeal
• Emotional Appeal
• Ferreting out Fallacies
• Ethical Appeal
III.
Ethical Appeal
180-181
• Audience must be willing to
consider your argument
• If a writer’s tone offends, the
project fails
• If you have a genuine concern for
the topic, a commitment to the
truth, and respect for others, you
sound reasonable.
• Always check for snide remarks
during the revision process.
Sample Test Question
• Which of the following features of
argument points out that if a
•
•
•
•
writer seems fair-minded, the
audience will be more willing to
consider the argument?
Rational Appeal
Emotional Appeal
Ferreting out Fallacies
Ethical Appeal
IV.
Ferreting Out Fallacies page
181-184
Fallacies are lapses in logic; they are
mistakes. They weaken an
argument, so avoid them. Stop
using them yourself, and stop
falling for them in other areas of
your life.
• Basing conclusion on too little
evidence
• Drawing the wrong conclusion
with enough evidence
• Attaching characteristics to an
entire group
• Presenting only part of the
evidence…leaving out important
information on purpose
• Only giving 2 choices when there
are more than 2
• Asserting the truth of some
unproved statement
• Answering a question by restating
the same question
• Sidetracking the issue by giving
irrelevant information
• Attacking the person instead of
their opinions
• Playing to the fears of the
audience…scare-tactics
• Connecting something negative
about one person to another
person
• Assuming that since 1 event
follows another, the first caused
the second
• Assuming that 2 circumstances are
similar in all important respects,
when they are really not
Sample test question
• Which one of the following
•
•
•
•
features of argument warns that
two circumstances or things are
rarely similar in all important
respects?
Rational Appeal
Emotional Appeal
Ferreting out Fallacies
Ethical Appeal
V.
Planning the
Argument
• Focus the question
– decide your opinion
– keep an open mind
– Learn the opposition
– Etc.
•
explore the topic
– Decide what kinds of evidence
support you
– Will the evidence be reliable?
– If the issue involves taking action,
what about the consequences?
– Write a dialogue in order to develop
the argument.
– Make a chart or table to sort out the
possibilities.
– Think about the objections to each or
your positions, and decide how you
will counter-argue
…continued
• Arguments for different purposes
• As you think about your position and the
evidence, think about the purpose of your
argument and how that might affect the
strategies you choose to use.
• Directing Arguments to Readers
– Remember that purpose and
argument are linked.
• Think about their interests, etc.
• Rogerian Arguments
– reduce their feelings of antagonism
by showing you are understanding,
find common ground, etc.
• Exploratory Arguments
– There’s room to add your doubts,
method of reasoning, etc.
Sample test question
• You ask yourself the question,
“What kinds of evidence will
support you position?” during the
________ stage of an argument
paper.
Choices:
– Planning
– Drafting
– Revising
VI.
Drafting
• A typical introduction arouses the
reader’s interest and may also
present the proposition—a special
thesis statement that names the
issue and the author’s position.
• Since you’ve collected your
evidence, make sure you embed it
into the paragraphs as you write.
Sample test question:
• During the ________ stage of the
argument paper, I make sure to
embed my evidence throughout
the paper, not just in one section.
Choices:
• Planning
• Drafting
• revising
VII.
Revision
• Ask these questions and others like
them?
– Was my topic too controversial?
– Was it aimed at the right audience?
– Was the evidence adequate and
sound?
– Did I use the best kind of emotional
appeal?
– Did I present myself in a favorable
light?
– Was my argument free of fallacies?
– Was my structure effective?
– Did my statistics adequately support
my ideas?
Sample test question
• You ask yourself the question, “Did
I make sure to use a mature tone
in my paper?” during the
___________ stage of the
argument paper.
Choices:
• Planning
• Drafting
• revising
Format
• Multiple choice—choose the 1
best answer.
• Fill-in-the-blank—choices provided
• 1 writing question (We’ll do this
part on Monday--)
– 200 word minimum
– Possible Topics:
• The 3 stages of writing
• Ethics in writing
• Etc.