Download CHapter 14 APES Test

16
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. Which of the following is not one of the earth's interior concentric zones?
a. the asthenosphere
b. the crust
c. the mantle
d. the core
e. none of these answers
2. The Earth zone with the most volume and mass is the
a. lithosphere.
b. core.
c. crust.
d. mantle.
e. oceanic crust.
3. Which of the following is true?
a. The most common element in the center of the earth's core is iron.
b. The inner core is liquid, whereas the outer core is solid.
c. Extreme pressure makes the interior of the earth liquid.
d. The core of the earth occupies most of its volume.
e. The thickest zone is the crust.
4. Which of the following statements about Earth's mantle is false?
a. The mantle is Earth's largest zone.
b. The outermost part of the mantle is partially melted rock.
c. The outermost part of the mantle is rigid.
d. Iron is a major constituent of the mantle.
e. The innermost part of the mantle is partially melted rock.
5. Which of the following is the source of most nonrenewable resources we use?
a. core
b. asthenosphere
c. mantle
d. crust
e. lithosphere
6. The asthenosphere is
a. the outer atmosphere.
b. the inner core of Earth.
c. a plastic region in the crust.
d. a plastic region in the mantle.
e. a solid region in the mantle.
7. The majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur
a. in the interior of continents.
b. on oceanic islands.
c. along the edge of continents.
d. in the open ocean.
e. in the U.S.
8. The theory of plate tectonics explains the
a. occurrence of earthquakes.
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b. occurrence of volcanoes.
c. movement of Earth's plates.
d. occurrence of mountains.
e. all of these answers
A ____ is not one of the three types of boundaries between lithospheric plates.
a. transform fault
b. mantle fault
c. convergent plate boundary
d. divergent plate boundary
e. lithosphere fault
Which of the following is false? Tectonic plates
a. produce mountains.
b. are composed of crust and core.
c. move on the asthenosphere.
d. produce ocean trenches.
e. produce volcanoes.
Tectonic plates move apart in opposite directions at a
a. divergent plate boundary.
b. transform fault.
c. convergent plate boundary.
d. subduction zone.
e. mantle fault.
Tectonic plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fault at a
a. divergent plate boundary.
b. transform fault.
c. convergent plate boundary.
d. subduction zone.
e. mantle fault.
The movement of lithospheric plates is significant because it
a. explains the formation of waterfalls and river canyons.
b. predicts where certain natural hazards are likely to be found.
c. explains formation of ocean currents.
d. predicts where endangered species might be found.
e. explains the formation of weather.
The energy sources primarily responsible for Earth's external geological processes are
a. energy from the sun and magnetism.
b. energy from the sun and gravity.
c. energy from the sun and heat from Earth's interior.
d. gravity and magnetism.
e. only gravity.
An earthquake is most directly caused by
a. the creation of a fault (fracture in rock) or shifting along an existing fault.
b. a change in ocean currents.
c. dumping of toxic wastes.
d. comets crashing into Earth.
e. mining.
The strength of an earthquake is measured on the ____ scale.
a. Richter
b. Miller
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c. Mercalli
d. Geiger
e. Doppler
An earthquake reported as magnitude 9 would be considered
a. insignificant.
b. minor.
c. damaging.
d. great.
e. moderate.
Secondary effects from earthquakes include all of the following except
a. urban fires.
b. shaking and permanent vertical displacement of the ground.
c. damaged coastal areas.
d. mass wasting.
e. tsunamis.
Of the following, the approach least likely to reduce earthquake hazards is
a. better prediction of location and timing of earthquakes.
b. locating active fault zones.
c. establishment of building codes regulating placement and design of buildings in high-risk
areas.
d. filling of fault zones with rubberized cement.
e. making maps of high-risk areas.
Ejecta is
a. debris released from a volcano.
b. substances injected into faults to relieve pressure.
c. material released from rifts on the floor of the ocean.
d. the depressed region inside the cone of an inactive volcano.
e. lava flow.
What was the most important volcanic eruption in North America in recent times?
a. Mt. Pinatubo, 1991
b. Lassen Peak, 1953
c. Mt. St. Helens, 1980
d. Paracutin, 1941
e. Aetna 1955
Loss of human life from volcanic activity can be reduced by
a. better land-use planning.
b. development of effective evacuation plans.
c. better prediction of volcanic eruptions.
d. studying phenomena that precede eruptions.
e. all of these answers
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mineral?
a. crystal structure
b. organic
c. naturally occurring
d. solid
e. inorganic
All of the following are broad classes of rock except
a. sedimentary.
b. igneous.
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c. metamorphic.
d. crystal.
e. plasticized.
Lava is an example of ____ rock.
a. metamorphic
b. igneous
c. sedimentary
d. plasticized
e. crystal
The change of rocks from one type to another is known as
a. metamorphism.
b. the rock cycle.
c. petrography.
d. consolidation.
e. hydrogeology.
Igneous rocks
a. are an important source of many non-fuel mineral resources.
b. include limestone and shale.
c. are always formed on the surface.
d. include schist and gneiss.
e. can be derived from plant remains.
Which of the following does not belong with the others?
a. basalt
b. granite
c. sandstone
d. volcanic rocks
e. pumice
Which of the following rocks is most likely to be formed from compacted shells and skeletons?
a. coal
b. limestone
c. rock salt
d. marble
e. granite
Which of the following rocks is most likely to be formed from compacted plant remains?
a. coal
b. limestone
c. rock salt
d. marble
e. granite
Lignite and bituminous coal are ____ rocks.
a. metamorphic
b. igneous
c. tectonic
d. sedimentary
e. crystal
The type of rock that covers most of Earth's land surface is
a. metamorphic.
b. igneous.
c. sedimentary.
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d. gemstones.
e. plasticized.
Heat and pressure convert
a. igneous rock into sedimentary rock.
b. sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock.
c. metamorphic rock into igneous rock.
d. sedimentary rock into igneous rock.
e. metamorphic rock into sedimentary rock.
Slate, anthracite, and marble are ____ rocks.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. metamorphic
d. igneous
e. tertiary
Which of the following terms includes the others?
a. nonmetallic mineral resources
b. energy resources
c. mineral resources
d. metallic mineral resources
e. none of these answers
Nonmetallic mineral resources includes all of the following except
a. phosphate.
b. iron.
c. gypsum.
d. salt.
e. sulfate.
Reserves are ____ resources.
a. identified and profitably extractable
b. unidentified and profitably extractable
c. identified and subeconomic
d. unidentified and subeconomic
e. identified and economic
Which of the following represents the most common way ore deposits are formed?
a. hydrothermal processes
b. magma cooling
c. chemosynthesis
d. sedimentary sorting
e. earthquakes
Nodules of ____ are found on the floor of the deep ocean.
a. chromium
b. boron
c. platinum
d. manganese
e. magnesium
One reason manganese-rich nodules are an attractive resource is that
a. they contain several other important minerals.
b. mining them entails few political problems.
c. mining them is ecologically harmless.
d. valuable deposits are found nearly everywhere.
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e. mining them is cheap.
Of the following concerns about obtaining manganese-rich nodules from the ocean floor, the most significant
is that
a. this type of mining would cause more harm than mining on land.
b. an unknown species could be destroyed.
c. the mining could heat up the water, disrupting ocean currents.
d. countries cannot come to an agreement over who owns the minerals.
e. it may contribute to global warming.
Around very hot volcanic springs and vents in the deep ocean, explorers have found
a. copper.
b. zinc.
c. gold.
d. all of these answers
e. none of these answers
Subsurface mining ____ than surface mining.
a. disturbs more land
b. produces more waste material
c. is more dangerous
d. gets out more of the resource
e. causes less environmental damage
Which of the following mineral resources often occurs in placer deposits?
a. manganese
b. cobalt
c. gold
d. lead
e. silver
Mineral deposits are found by
a. information about plate tectonics.
b. aerial photos.
c. studies of magnetic or gravitational fields.
d. all of these answers
e. a and c only
All of the following are types of surface mining except
a. mountaintop removal.
b. dredging.
c. longwall mining.
d. strip mining.
e. contour strip mining.
One example of subsurface mining is
a. dredging.
b. contour strip mining.
c. longwall mining.
d. area strip mining.
e. open-pit mining.
Compared to subsurface mining, surface mining
a. is more dangerous.
b. is more expensive.
c. disturbs more land.
d. produces less waste material.
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e. all of these answers
Extracting, processing, and using mineral resources
a. requires enormous amounts of energy.
b. causes land disturbance and erosion.
c. produces solid and hazardous wastes.
d. releases toxic chemicals into the atmosphere.
e. all of these answers
Mining can cause
a. collapse of land.
b. acid mine drainage.
c. spoils, heaps, and tailings.
d. emission of toxic chemicals.
e. all of these answers
Acid mine drainage
a. occurs when anaerobic bacteria produce nitric acid from nitrogen oxides.
b. enhances aquatic life.
c. neutralizes the pH of surface waters.
d. may contaminate groundwater.
e. reduces acidity of surface waters.
Runoff from underground mines may carry
a. sulfuric acid.
b. soil nutrients.
c. exotic species.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. phosphates.
Waste soil and rock removed during surface mining is called
a. hazardous waste.
b. spoil.
c. gangue.
d. tailings.
e. smelt.
The fraction of the ore containing waste minerals is called the
a. hazardous waste.
b. spoil.
c. gangue.
d. tailings.
e. smelt.
When ore undergoes processing, a waste called ____ is produced.
a. hazardous
b. spoil
c. gangue
d. tailings
e. smelt
Smelters of ore minerals may give off
a. soot.
b. lead.
c. sulfur dioxide.
d. all of these answers
e. a and c only
____ 57. Environmental impact would be greatest mining for a ____ ore.
a. high-grade
b. moderate-grade
c. low-grade
d. plentiful
e. low to moderate-grade
____ 58. A change in the U.S. Mining Law of 1872 that environmentalists would least like to see would be
a. making mining companies responsible for restoring the land.
b. requiring mining companies to pay a 12.5% royalty on any of the hard-rock minerals they
extract.
c. making it possible to buy cheap public land and sell it for development at a high profit.
d. making mining companies pay for environmental cleanups resulting from mining
activities.
e. making mining companies pay for damage resulting from mining activities.
____ 59. When a resource has been economically depleted, we can
a. recycle or reuse what has already been extracted.
b. cut down on unnecessary waste of the resource.
c. find a substitute.
d. do without.
e. all of these answers
____ 60. Depletion time is the time it takes to use up about ____ of the mineral reserves at a given rate.
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%
e. 90%
____ 61. A depletion curve is typically used to
a. project remaining undiscovered resources.
b. project the depletion time for a resource.
c. predict when a resource will become a reserve.
d. project when uneconomic resources will become economically feasible.
e. none of these answers
____ 62. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Depletion time is dependent on rate of use and the amount of known reserves.
b. Usually, the first deposits of a mineral to be exploited are high-grade deposits.
c. All of a resource will not be used because it is not economically feasible to continue to
extract the resource.
d. Recycling, reusing, and reducing consumption cause a depletion curve to peak sooner and
higher.
e. none of these answers
____ 63. Depletion time can be extended by
a. recycling and reuse.
b. discoveries of new resources.
c. reduced consumption.
d. better mining technology.
e. all of these answers
____ 64. The U.S. Mining Law of 1872
a. requires miners who purchase public lands to pay 10% of their profits to the federal
government.
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b. encourages extraction on public lands almost free of charge.
c. requires miners to reclaim the land when they close a mining operation.
d. encourages miners to prevent land degradation.
e. encourages miners to reclaim the land.
All of the following have occurred under the U.S. Mining Law of 1872 except
a. half of the mining companies taking advantage of the law are owned by foreign
corporations.
b. mining companies have paid substantial royalties to the U.S. government.
c. there has been no provision for reclamation of damaged land.
d. it has been common for taxpayers to be left with the cleanup bill.
e. encouraged extraction on public lands almost free of charge.
There are about ____ major nonfuel minerals.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
e. 50
The industrialized country that came close to meeting all of its mineral resource needs was
a. the former Soviet Union.
b. Australia.
c. Germany.
d. Brazil.
e. the U.S.
For manganese, cobalt, platinum, and chromium, the United States is dependent upon all of the following
potentially unstable countries except
a. Peru.
b. South Africa.
c. Zaire.
d. Zambia.
e. none of these answers
All of the following are minerals for which the United States has no reserves and depends on imports except
a. chromium.
b. platinum.
c. potash.
d. cobalt.
e. none of these answers
Which of the following minerals is not matched with the area that has its major supply?
a. cobalt--Zaire
b. chromium--South Africa, Zimbabwe
c. manganese--South Africa
d. nickel--South Africa
e. none of these answers
The United States is heavily dependent on ____ for its supplies of chromium, platinum, manganese, and
industrial diamonds.
a. South Africa
b. the Commonwealth of Independent States
c. Canada
d. Indonesia
e. the former Soviet Union
____ 72. Scarcity of minerals does not raise the price of material goods much because
a. investment capital is usually abundantly available.
b. all resource supplies are theoretically infinite.
c. the mining industry is fiercely competitive and poorly regulated.
d. raw materials typically account for only a small fraction of the price of consumer goods.
e. the cost of extraction is low.
____ 73. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Market prices clearly reflect dwindling mineral supplies.
b. Consumers have few incentives to reduce demands before economic depletion occurs.
c. Low mineral prices are caused by failure to include the external costs of mining.
d. Low prices encourage waste and faster depletion.
e. all of these answers
____ 74. Most of the world's easily accessible high-grade mineral deposits
a. are not worth extracting at today's prices.
b. cannot be located using known techniques.
c. lie in unexplored areas of developing countries.
d. have already been discovered.
e. are located in the U.S.
____ 75. According to geological theory, if there were 10,000 sites where a deposit of a particular resource might be
found, ____ could probably be (a) producing mine(s).
a. 1
b. 10
c. 100
d. 1,000
e. 10,000
____ 76. The example of copper mining illustrates that
a. it can be profitable to mine low-grade ores.
b. reserves of minerals decline each year.
c. economic profits must be balanced with environmental costs.
d. the reserves of some key metals are renewable.
e. all of these answers
____ 77. According to some analysts, mining of low-grade ores may be limited by
a. energy costs.
b. availability of freshwater.
c. land reclamation costs.
d. the environmental impact of pollution.
e. all of these answers
____ 78. Advantages of using microorganisms for mining include all of the following except reduced
a. land disturbance.
b. air pollution.
c. water pollution.
d. time to remove minerals.
e. none of these answers
____ 79. The major problem associated with extracting minerals from seawater is that
a. only common table salt can be cheaply extracted.
b. the minerals exist in low concentrations.
c. seawater contains only the most common metals.
d. seawater is not owned by any one nation.
e. none of these answers
____ 80. All of the following chemicals could be extracted from the ocean with today's technology at a profit except
a. magnesium.
b. zinc.
c. bromine.
d. sodium chloride.
e. manganese.
____ 81. Continental shelf deposits are significant sources of all of the following except
a. manganese nodules.
b. oil and natural gas.
c. phosphates.
d. sand.
e. zinc.
____ 82. High-temperature ceramic superconductors
a. carry electricity without resistance.
b. may lead to better technology for car engines.
c. suffer from inefficient power transmission.
d. are not useful in electronics applications.
e. all of these answers
____ 83. High-strength plastics and composite materials strengthened by carbon and glass fibers are advantageous
because they are
a. stronger than metal.
b. expensive because they use less energy.
c. easily molded into any shape.
d. don't need painting.
e. all of these answers
____ 84. Which of the following would be easiest to find a substitute for?
a. phosphates
b. helium
c. steel
d. copper
e. manganese
Matching
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Choose the process that could involve movement by wind.
Choose the process in which sediment is placed in a river or lake.
Choose the process in which existing rocks can be broken into small pieces.
Choose the process in which rocks are subjected to sun, wind, and precipitation