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NINE SIGNIFICANT THEMES (1) the dangerous power of women, who would often seem to have no power at all (2) images and spaces of wilderness versus civilization, and the perception of the unknown/forest/ wilderness as dangerous (3) the humanity and human characteristics of the gods—especially active gods that you don’t want to make angry (4) the image and space of the underworld—what it looks like and what happens when life is over on this earth (5) the heroic quest—one thing that makes a hero is the act of going on adventures and doing great deeds, such as killing monsters and meeting strange people (6) heroic friendship and the necessity of companionship, both male and female (7) the necessary duties and obligations of the king/ruler/leader (8) the power of dreams and visions (9) the definitions and meanings of the idea of “hero,” and how they change and evolve over the course of history TIMELINE OF ANCIENT HISTORY 3300-3000 BC - earliest known dates of civilization in Mesopotamia 2700 BC - Gilgamesh rules Uruk (fifth king) 2500 BC - History and Literature begin to be written in cuneiform in Mesopotamia 2000 BC - Legends of Gilgamesh begin to be written 1300 - Epic of Gilgamesh essentially established 1250 BC - Destruction of Troy 1200 BC - Moses leads the Jews from Egypt to Palestine 1000-300 BC - Writing of the Old Testament by the Hebrews in Palestine 750-700 BC - Life of Homer 753 BC - Founding of Rome 509 BC - Rome established as a Republic 331-323 - Alexander the Great conquers Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia 300-222 BC - All of Italy ruled by Rome 264-146 BC - Wars between Rome and Carthage 83 BC and 48-45 BC - Rome’s First and Second Civil War 70-19 BC - Life of Virgil 60 BC - First Roman Triumvirate established: Cesar, Pompey, Cassious 30 BC - Rome conquers Egypt 5-6 AD (circa) - Birth of Jesus 100 AD - Completion of the four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles 123 AD - Hadrian's wall built by Romans in northern Britain 391 AD - Christianity declared official religion of Roman empire 476 AD - Fall of Rome and end of Western Roman Empire 539 AD - King Arthur of Britain killed 1247 AD - Death of Robin Hood 1265 - Birth of Dante Alighieri (died 1321) 1458 AD - Gutenberg publishes his Bible 1492 AD - Columbus lands in the Bahamas 1509 AD - Erasmus publishes Encomium moriae (Praise of Folly) 1512 AD - Michelangelo finishes ceiling of Sistine Chapel 1513 AD - Ponce de Leon locates Florida 1547 - Birth of Miguel de Cervantes (died 1616) 1558 - Elizabeth (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) assumes throne 1564 AD - Birth of Shakespeare (died 1616) 1571 AD - Martin posts his Ninety-Five Theses on door of church in Wittenberg 1611 - Publication of the King James Bible