Download Acer negundo

For 1111- Forest Dendrology
1. Abies Balsamea – Pinaceae. Balsam fir. Needles: length ½ to 1” long, flattened (NOT 4-sided), shiny dark green above and silvery
blue below due to 2 whitish bands below, spreading on all sides of twig, tip may be rounded or notched or short-pointed. Twigs:
yellow-green, later turning gray, needles NOT borne on peg-like projections. Cones: upright, 2 to 3 ½” long, oblong to cylindrical,
green to purple. Used as Christmas trees and pulpwood.
2. Acer negundo - Aceraceae. boxelder. Leaves: opp., pinnately compound with 3 - 7 variable shaped leaflets, light green in color.
Twigs: green to purple with glaucous bloom, leaf scars whitish and V-shaped. Buds: terminal buds ovoid, covered by white
tomentum, laterals smaller and appressed. Bark: on young trees light brown with narrow rounded interlacing ridges; older trees more
deeply furrowed. Fruit: 1" to 1 1/2" long, samara in v-shaped pairs; may cluster. Usually considered a weed tree. Poor ornamental.
Common on flood plains.
3- Acer nigrum - Aceraceae. black maple. Closely resembles sugar maple. Leaves: mostly 3-lobed, lower leaf surfaces and petioles
may be downy, leaf blades thicker and dropping at sides, stipules usually present, narrow or closed basal sinus. Twigs: gray mottled,
stipule scars. Buds: dark brown to black, shape like sugar, may have a hoary-pubescent. Bark: often nearly black and more deeply
furrowed than sugar maple.
4- Acer platanoides - Aceraceae. Norway Maple. Leaves: opposite, simple, similar to sugar maple, often more broad with 7 lobes.
Twigs: milky sap. Leaf scars encircle twig. Buds: large rounded buds, often sticky. Fruit: prolific seeder, darge divergent samara.
Bark: distinct pattern with verticle ridges which cross. One hybrid, scarlet maple has deep maroon leaves. Not native to U.S.A.
5- Acer rubrum - Aceraceae. red maple. Leaves. opposite, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed deep-cut sinuses, usually whitish underneath;
bright red fall color. Buds: bright red, not odorous. Bark: on young trees smooth and light gray, on older trees breaking up into long,
narrow, scaly plates. Fruit: slightly divergent wings approx. 3/4" long. Matures in early summer. Site: occurs on both wet and dry
sites.
6- Acer saccharinum - Aceraceae. silver maple. Leaves: opp., 5 lobed deep cut sinuses, whitish underside, yellow fall color. Buds:
bright red, similar to A. rubrum. Bark: smooth, gray on young trees, flaky, scaly on older trees, long plates, black fissures. Twigs:
red, odorous. Fruit: samara wide spreading and large. Matures in spring. Weak, brittle wood - subject to wind damage, poor
ornamental even though widely planted, bottomland species. Often has basal sprouts and low forks.
7- Acer saccharum - Aceraceae. sugar maple. Leaves. opposite, 5-lobed. Yellow, orange or red in fall. Buds: brown, sharp-pointed and
heavily scaled. Bark: gray, rough to the touch; variable thick plates or ridges to scaly. Fruit: mature in fall approximately 1 to 1 1/4"
long, slightly divergent wings. Site: rich, well drained soils. Valuable species for timber, syrup and ornamental uses.
8- Aesculus glabra - Hippocastanaceae. Ohio buckeye. Leaves: opp., palmately compound with 5 leaflets, nearly lanceolate; leaves
emerge very early in spring and fall early in autumn. Twigs: stout, usually grayish, ends of branches curve upward, scraped twigs
odorous. Buds: terminal bud large, bud scales keeled, non-resinous, with distinct reddish-brown scales. Bark: Grayish and relatively
smooth on young trees, on older trees breaking up into thin fine scales. Darker than A. octandra Fruit: husk orange-brown with short
spines, seeds smooth with a rich reddish brown color. Site: Usually found on bottomland sites.
9- Aesculus octandra - Hippocastanaceae. yellow buckeye. Leaves: opp., palmately compound with 5 leaflets, nearly elliptical; leaves
tend to hang on longer than A. glabra. Twigs: stout, non odorous. Buds: Not keeled, often have fine lines or striations. Bark: Smooth
on young trees. Breaks into small plates. Fruit: Smooth larger than A. glabra. Site: Only in S and S.E. Ohio common south of here.
Often found upslope higher than A. glabra.
10- Ailanthus altissima - Simaroubaceae. tree-of-heaven (ailanthus) Leaves: alt., pinnately cpd., up to 41 leaflets, leaflets often
notched or toothed at base. Twigs: stout, pith white or tan Buds: buds partly submerged. Fruit: an oblong, twisted samara grouped in
large clusters, persist in winter. Bark: tight, fissures light-colored. Fast growth, root suckers, aggressive, weed species introduced
from Asia.
11- Alnus sp. - Betulaceae. alder. Leaves: Smooth alder, singly serrate margins terminating in a point. Black is doubly serrate often
terminates with a notch. Twigs: brown in color, white lenticles on black alder, preformed aments. Buds: purplish and stalked. Fruit:
resemble miniature pine cones. Smooth or common alder Alnus serrulata usually found in swampy areas. European black alder Alnus
glutinosa is planted on acidic mine spoil.
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For 1111- Forest Dendrology
12- Amelanchier arborea - Rosaceae. downy serviceberry. Leaves: alt., oblong to elliptical, singly serrate. Twigs: slender, faint bitter
almond taste. Buds: long, slender, sharp-pointed, reddish color. Fruit: white flower in spring, edible red drupe ripens in June. Bark:
smooth gray streaked with darker lines; usually a small tree or shrub.
13- Asimina triloba - Annonaceae. pawpaw. Leaves: alt., simple, obovate, to 12" long, thin and membranous. Crushed leaves have
odor similar to green peppers. Twigs: dark brown. Buds: Terminal naked and fuzzy, leaf buds elongated, slender, rich velvety brown,
flower buds globose. Fruit: smooth, greenish-yellow, 2"-5" long, edible. "Poor man's banana". Occurs on rich moist sites. Shrub to
small tree.
14- Berberis thunbergii - Berberidaceae. Japanese barberry. Leaves: small wedge shaped. Twigs: Light brown/gray with thorns. Fruit:
red oblong berries that typically persist through winter. Mature height 3-6’. Commonly found in old fields, open woodlands, flood
plains, power lines, and other disturbed sites. Native to Asia, but widely planted as an ornamental.
15- Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch is also found in Hocking Hills area. Differences include doubly serrate leaves, pubescent
petioles; cone scales hairy, fragrance and taste not as strong; young bark smooth and bronze colored; older bark shaggy.
16- Betula lenta - Betulaceae. sweet birch (black birch). Leaves: alternate, simple, ovate to oblong ovate; usually singly serrate,
strongly aromatic; 9-11 pairs of veins. Twigs: smooth lustrous; light red-brown; strong winter-green taste. Buds: 1/4 inch long;
conical; acute, red-brown; mostly glabrous. Fruit: cone like, oblong-ovoid, erect nearly sessile, scales glabrous. Bark: 1/2-3/4" thick;
nearly black; not papery; smooth on young trees, lenticles common. Found in only a few counties in Ohio including Hocking.
17- Betula nigra - Betulaceae. river birch. Leaves: alt., simple, somewhat triangular shape, doubly serrate margins. Seed: ripens ins
spring (other birches in fall). Twigs: reddish-brown, slender, often pubescent, elongated catkins often present. Buds: small, coneshaped, reddish-brown. Bark: salmon-pink, papery, later coarsely scaly. Found on wet sites. Especially on sour (acid) soil in S.E.
Ohio
18- Campsis radicans - Bignoniaceae trumpet creeper. Leaves: Opp., pinnately cpd., 7-11 leaflets, coarsely serrate margin. Twig:
climbing vine with two rows of aerial rootlets protruding from the twig at every node. Fruit: Elongated somewhat flattened pod.
Green to brown and slightly curved with many straw-colored flat winged seeds. Flowers: large tube or trumpet shaped and bright
orange, appear in mid summer.
19- Carpinus caroliniana - Betulaceae. blue beech (musclewood). Leaves: alt., very thin, finely doubly serrate margins, upper leaf
surface waxy. Twigs: extremely fine; older twigs and branches distinctly gray. Buds: small, bud scales not striated. Bark: smooth,
blue-gray in color, trunk fluted (muscle like). Fruit: a triangular nutlet at the base of a 3-lobed bract aggregated into clusters. A small,
poorly formed tree; extremely tolerant to shade.
20- Carya cordiformis - Juglandaceae. bitternut hickory. Leaves: alt., pinnately compound with 7-11 leaflets, relatively narrow
leaflets; upper surface bright green. Twigs: very slender compared to other hickories, lenticellate. Buds: terminal buds to 3/4" long,
thin, irregular in shape, sulfur-yellow in color. Bark: close, firm and tight for many years; eventually in low, narrow, rounded ridges in
an interlacing pattern, gray in color. Fruit: his is thin and 4 winged above the middle, nut shell smooth, usually reddish-brown in
color; meat bitter.
21- Carya glabra - Juglandaceae. pignut hickory. Leaves: alt., pinnately compound, leaflets number 5-7, smaller than C. ovata and
broader than C. cordiformis. Twigs: terminal bud ovoid to globose, 1/4 to 3/8" long, brown outer bud scales glabrous and deciduous.
Bark: closely and deeply furrowed on older trees with interlacing ridges often scaly or ragged on the surface but plates narrower than
on C. ovata and not as shaggy. Fruit: husk very thin; nut smooth to slightly ridged, may be sweet or bitter.
22- Carya laciniosa - Juglandaceae. kingnut (shellbark) hickory. Leaves: alt., pinnately compound, 7 to 9 leaflets, very large. Twigs:
thick, stout, tan, with orange lenticles, and orangish leaf scars. New growth usually hairless. Buds: elongated buds 3/4" or longer with
persistent scales. Bark: similar to shagbark. Fruit: very large and thick husk, sweet. Usually found on lowland sites.
23- Carya ovata - Juglandaceae. shagbark hickory. Leaves: alt., pinnately compound, leaflets large and almost always number 5. s
Twigs: stout, glabrous to very pubescent, lenticellate. Buds: terminal bud 1/2 to 3/4" long, broadly ovoid; outer brown scales not
deciduous. Bark: shaggy on older trees with wide, thick recurved plates often loose at both ends, young hickories of all local species
have smooth gray bark. Fruit: husk up to 1/2" thick, shell of the nut 4 ribbed, meat of nut sweet.
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For 1111- Forest Dendrology
24- Carya tomentosa - Juglandaceae. mockernut hickory. Leaves: alt., pinnately cpd., 7-9 leaflets, leaflets and rachis tomentose.
Twigs: very stout, new growth tomentose; terminal but to 3/4" long, outer scales deciduous to expose silky-gray inner scales. Fruit:
husk medium thick, nut shell very thick. Bark: firm, close, with lower rounded ridges.
25- Castanea dentata - Fagaceae. American chestnut. Leaves: alt., simple, elongated, curved
teeth. Twigs: chestnut brown in color. Buds: large round and brown, singular terminal bud. Fruit: round brown nut, protected by a
large bur.
26- Catalpa speciosa - Bignoniaceae. northern catalpa. Leaves whorled, or opposite, large ovate to oval. Twigs: stout, gnarled. Fruit:
long slender, persistent, pod-like (cigar shaped), with flat seed fringed at both ends.
27- Celastrus scandens - Celastraceae. bittersweet. Leaves: alt., simple and ovate, finely serrate margins. Light green in color and turn
bright yellow-green in fall. Twigs: light brown twining vine. Buds: small, pointed and orange in color. Fruit: bright orange capsules
which peel back to reveal red, fleshy seeds. Forest edges, fence rows and stream banks. Important wildlife food plant.
28- Celtis occidentalis - Ulmaceae. hackberry. Leaves: alternate, simple, margin serrate, apex acuminate and falcate. Twigs: slender,
zig zag numerous. Buds: lateral buds small, acute, triangular and closely appressed, light in color. Bark: saplings smooth and gray,
older trees have corky warts and ridges. Fruit: a small dark red or purple drupe 1/4" to 1/3" in diameter, edible. Witches' brooms are
common.
29- Cephalanthus occidentalis. - Rubiaceae. buttonbush. Leaves: opp., or occasionally in whorls of 3, ovate-oblong, acuminate.
Twigs: smaller twigs glabrous or finely pubescent, reddish. Buds: terminal lacking, buds are conical and lie above leaf scar. Stipular
scars or persistent stipules connection to leaf scar. Fruit: somewhat similar to sycamore. Grows on very wet site.
30- Cercis canadensis - Fabaceae (Leguminosae). eastern redbud. Leaves: alt., simple, heart-shaped base, margins entire, petiole
swollen at both ends. Flower: pink, before leaves out in spring, on branches and bole - wide use as an ornamental. Twigs: zigzag
growth, dark brown, shiny with white lenticles. Buds: leaf buds, small black and appressed, flower buds, preformed, globose and
conspicuous. Bark: dark red-brown, on older trees scaly.
31- Cornus alternifolia - Cornaceae. alternate-leaf dogwood. Leaves: alternate, appearing whorled, simple, elliptic ovate, 2-5" long.
Twigs: slender, greenish to reddish to purplish, shiny, bloomy and glabrous; pith, white. Buds: flower - 1/4 inch long, purplish,
valvate, terminally borne, vegetative-minute, valvate, slightly hairy. Fruit: bluish black drupe 1/4 - 1/3" long, bloomy; fruit stalk
turning pinkish red. Habit: spreading, horizontal, low-branched with broadly horizonal branches forming distinct tiers. Site: moist
32- Cornus florida - Cornaceae. flowering dogwood. Leaves: opp., oval, arcuately, veined. Twigs: purplish with glaucous bloom
upper side, lower side greenish, slender and tend to turn upward at ends, telescoping appearance at nodes. Buds: flower buds pagodashaped, preformed; leaf buds, slender purple. Fruit: bright red, oblong drupe. Bark: blocky, alligator hide bark on older trees. Shrub
to small trees. Extremely hard wood. Used for spools and spindles in the garment industry.
33- Cornus sp. - Cornaceae. dogwood. Leaves: opp., simple, arcuate venation. Twigs: new growth reddish to gray brown. Fruit:
terminal cluster either whitish, bluish-white or bluish. All are common to moist areas.
34- Corylus americana - Betulaceae. hazelnut. Leaves: alt., margins coarsely doubly serrate, nearly orbicular to broadly ovate in
shape; lower surface densely pubescent on young leaves. Twigs: young twigs have small black hairs which persist into winter. Buds:
small, globose and reddish brown. Fruit: a rounded nut covered by leathery leaf bracts; nuts in clusters of 2 to 4, edible (filbert);
staminant aments preformed. Always shrubby but may be 15' tall.
35- Crataegus sp. - Rosaceae. hawthorn. Leaves: alternate, simple, serrated, variable in shape. Twigs: light gray in color, thorns
singular and usually dark brown to maroon in color. Buds: globose or fist like, bright red in winter. Fruit: a red pome or haw with 1
to 5 bony nutlets in succulent flesh. Bark: light gray. Older specimens may be multiple stemmed and slightly furrowed. Numerous
species in this genus difficult to tell apart.
36- Diospyros virginiana - Ebenaceae. persimmon. Leaves: alt., margins entire, oblong, pubescent. Buds: 2-scaled and dark brown.
Fruit: orange berry - edible after frost. Twigs: dark brown, terminal lacking. Bark: broken into blocks orange fissures show through
on young stem. Wood: dense, dark, hard - golf club heads.
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For 1111- Forest Dendrology
37- Dirca palustris - Thymelaeaceae. leatherwood. Leaves: alternate, simple, elliptic to ovate, 1-3 inches long. Twigs: slender, light to
dark brown, jointed, with white lenticles; easy to tie into a knot without breakage. Buds: small, solitary, short conical, hidden until
leaf fall, with about 4 indistinct dark silky scales; terminal absent. Fruit: oval drupe, 1/3" long, June-July. Habit: much branched,
rather dense, oval to rounded shrub. Site: mesic.
38- Elaeagnus umbellate - Elaeagnaceae. autumn olive. Leaves: alt, simple and entire, green above and silvery-white below. Petiole
and underside of central vein may have orange "freckles". Twigs: covered with silver speckles, young twigs may be rigid and thornlike. Buds: terminal somewhat swollen. Fruit: reddish barrel shaped berry. Introduced from Asia for wildlife plantings difficult to
prevent spread of this species.
39- Euonymus atropurpureus - Celastraceae. wahoo (eastern burning bush). Leaves: opposite, on young fast growing shoots somewhat
alternate, elliptic, acuminate, finely serrulate. Twigs: green, 4 ridged or angled on older twigs, may have 4 white lines which
accentuate squareness . Buds: oblong about 5 scales. Fruit: 4 sided capsules, white turning to pink in fall. Splits exposing red seeds.
Usually found on fairly moist sites.
40- Fagus grandifolia - Fagaceae. American beech. Leaves: alt., eliptical to oblong - ovate in shape with sharply serrated margin;
papery thin to the touch. Twigs: slender, often zigzag. Buds: terminal buds long (to 1") and narrow, very sharply pointed; usually a
reddish brown color. Bark: thin, smooth and blue-gray on all sizes. Fruit: a triangular nut enclosed in a woody involucre with weak
unbranched spines. Site: rich, well drained soils. Wildlife value high.
41- Fraxinus americana - Oleaceae. white ash. Leaves: opp., pinnately cpd. with 7-11 leaflets; margins entire or slightly crenate, dark
green color. Branching opposite; Twig: leaf scars usually deeply notched or U-shaped across top. Bark: tight, interlacing diamond
shaped patter of ridges and furrows; cork colored when scraped. Seed: single, flattened terminally winged samara aggregated into
clusters. Baseball bats and handles.
42- Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Oleaceae. green ash. Leaves: opp., pinnately compound with 7-9 leaflets, margins slightly serrate, more
lanceolate than F. americana, upper side of rachis tends to be grooved; pale green color, turn yellow and brown in fall. Twigs: leaf scar
rounded, below bud. Twigs, leaflets, and rachi frequently pubescent. Fruit: a single samara aggregated into clusters; the wing
extending further along either side of the seed as compared to F. americana. Bark: like white ash, but not as deeply furrowed and
flakier. Light colored when scraped. Site: usually wetter site than white ash.
43- Gleditsia triacanthos - Fabaceae. honey locust. Leaves: alt., pinnately or bipinnately compound with up to 30 small leaflets per
leaf; upper surface dark green and lustrous, lower surface dull and yellow-green. Twigs: lustrous, greenish brown to reddish brown,
zigzag growth habit; may have heavy 3 branched thorns but there are thornless varieties. Buds: no terminal bud; lateral buds small
and partially submerged, may be superposed. Bark: dark brown to almost black on older trees in long, scaly, narrow ridges frequently
curling from the trunk at the edges; 3-branched thorns. Fruit: long, thin, twisted, strap-shaped pod to 15" long; dark purple color
when mature. Usually moist sites widely planted as an ornamental.
44- Hamamelis virginiana - Hamamelidaceae. witch-hazel. Leaves: alt., simple, broadly oval to nearly orbicular, margins sinuate, base
oblique. Flowers: appear in autumn; yellow with 4 linear petals. Fruit: a woody, 2 seeded capsule, seeds, black, forceful ejection of
seeds when it opens. Buds: naked, stalked, yellow-brown color, long slender, curved. Shrubby nature -- up to 20 feet tall. Twigs:
yellowish. Extract of witch-hazel oil.
45- Hydrangea arborescens - Saxifragaceae. Wild Hydrangea. Leaves: opp., simple, large, mostly broadly ovate, margins serrate.
Flowers: cluster (cymes) terminal; flower white -- persistence of fruiting heads into fall and winter. Small, sometimes scarcely woody
shrub. Grows in small clumps on good sites.
46- Ilex opaca - Aquifoliaceae– American holly. Leaves: Alternate, simple, evergreen, elliptical, 2 to 4 inches long, spiny toothed
margin, thickened and leathery, shiny dark green above, much paler below. Fruit: Berry-like drupe, red, 1/4 inch in diameter,
containing ribbed nutlets; maturing in fall and persisting on tree into winter. Bark: Light gray and smooth regardless of size. Form: A
small tree to 40 feet, with a thick crown and pyramidal form, usually with branches to the ground.
47- Juglans cinerea - Juglandaceae. butternut (white walnut). Leaves: alt., pinnate - cpd. 11-17 leaflets. Twigs: pith chambered, pith
dark brown, terminal buds longer (to 1") than J. nigra, leaf scars with hairy fringe above. Fruit: oblong nut, husk sticky, nut
corrugations sharp. Bark: flat topped ridges ashy-gray color, also chocolate brown when scraped. Rarely reaches large size (> 14"
dia) due to canker.
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48- Juglans nigra - Juglandaceae. black walnut. Leaves: alt, pinnately compound up to 23 leaflets. Terminal leaflet often missing.
Twigs: pith chambered, buff colored. Leaf scar resembles face of a monkey. Buds: Terminal bud grayish fuzzy and naked. Superposed
lateral buds. Fruit: globose nut, husk smooth, shell corrugations rounded. Bark: dark brown with deep narrow furrows and thin
ridges. Chocolate brown color when scraped. Distinctive odor. Most valuable veneer species in U.S.
49- Juniperus virginiana - Cupressaceae. eastern red cedar. Leaves: deep green, dimorphic -- juvenile leaves awl shaped, sharp, erect;
mature; leaves scale like, overlapping pairs alternating at right angles, appressed, form 4-sided branchlets. Bark: thin, on older trees in
long stringy strips. Cones: round, silverblue, 1/4" diameter, berry-like, semi-fleshy scales. Common throughout eastern U.S. Pinkred heartwood odorous.
50- Kalmia latifolia - Ericaceae. mountain laurel. Leaves: alternate, simple, evergreen and entire, dark green and shiny above paler
below, acute at both ends. Much smaller than R. maximum. Twigs: yellow-green in color. Buds: small 2-scaled to nearly absent or
hidden in the twig. Fruit: somewhat persistent in winter, globose structure. Found on rocky acid soils of dry slopes in unglaciated
portion of southern Ohio.
51- Larix sp. - Pinaceae. larch. Needles: deciduous, flat and linear, growing in spirals or whorls from the twigs. Green in summer
turning yellowish-orange before dropping. Twigs: light brown with many short, stumpy, spur shoots. Each terminates with a small
scale-covered bud. Bark: Furrowed, turning flaky and platy with age. Fruit: erect, small cone with smooth scales. Larix laricina,
eastern larch or tamarack native to extreme N.E. Ohio. Larix decidua, European larch and Larix leptolepus, Japanese larch are planted
occasionally in Ohio.
52- Lindera benzoin - Lauraceae. spicebush. Leaves: alt., simple, oblong to oval, entire. Flower buds: preformed, globose, in small
sessile clusters. Fruit: bright red drupe. Twigs: slender, dark greenish-brown with white lenticels. Lemon or spicy odor of crushed
leaves and twigs. Shrubby habits. Prefers rich, moist site.
53- Liquidambar styraciflua - Hamamelidaceae. sweetgum. Leaves: alt., simple, star-shaped; fall foliage yellow to purple. Twigs: new
grwoth shiny and glabrous, often with corky ridges on older twigs, bundle scars 3 in number and circular. Bark: gray ridges and
furrowed deeply. Fruit: globose head of beaked capsules. None native this far north native along the Ohio river. Planted occasionally
on poorly drained sites and used for an ornamental.
54- Liriodendron tulipifera - Magnoliaceae. yellow-poplar. Leaves: alt., truncated or notched apex, margins entire, glabrous surfaces.
Twigs: generally reddish brown, stipule scars encircling twig, diaphragmed pith. Buds: terminal bud elongated, "duck bill" shaped
with valvate bud scales, lateral buds much smaller. Bark: smooth, green to gray with white spots or streaks on young trees developing
into grayish bark with light gray or white streaks in the furrows. Ridges arranged in a coarse interlacing diamond pattern. Fruit: 2 1/2
to 3" long, an erect cone like aggregate of samaras. Fast growing tree with excellent form. Usually found on moist but well drained
sites.
55- Lonicera japonica - Caprifoliaceae. Japanese honeysuckle. Leaves: opp., semi-persistent, ovate, entire margin, dark green above,
pale green below. Fruit: black, 1/4" berry. Twigs: hollow, vine-like, twining; very rapid grower, spreads over and smothers trees.
Serious weed problem in many areas. Good wildlife cover and food source.
56- Magnolia acuminata - Magnoliaceae. cucumber magnolia. Leaves: alternate, simple, entire ovate 4-10" rounded to acute at the
base. Twigs: brown and glabrous, leaf scar crescent shaped. Buds: 1/2 to 1" naked, somewhat duck billed, silky hairy. Fruit: green
cluster resembling a bunch of bananas turning black in winter, contains red seeds.
57- Malus sp. - Rosaceae. apple. Leaves: alternate, simple, elliptical to ovate in shape with whitish pubescence on lower side of leaf
and along petiole. Twigs: Often with spiny fruit shoot. Young twigs often have white tomentum and sweetish taste. Leaf scar linear or
crescent shaped. Buds: terminal present, reddish and rounded with varying degrees of tomentum Fruit: various sizes and shapes of
apples. Native crabapple are small yellow. Form: short trunk with numerous low forks. Several native species as well as European
and Asian species.
58- Morus alba - Moraceae. white mulberry. Leaves: variable in shape, 2-7 inches long; shiny green above, paler below. Twigs:
slender, light brown. Buds: 1/8" long, about as broad as long, bright reddish brown; appressed against twig; margins of scales slightly
darker; 4 to 6 exposed bud scales. Bark: tight, deeply furrowed with yellow-brown ridges, bark at root collar distinctly orange or
yellow. Widely planted and naturalized from China. Morus rubra native larger leaves and not glossy on surface.
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59- Morus rubra - Moraceae. red mulberry. Leaves: alternate, simple, variable in shaped, crenate margin, soft pubescent beneath.
Twigs: bundle scars in aln ellipse, pubescence variable, milky juice. Buds: more than 3 exposed scales. Fruit: cluster of single seeded
drupes, looks like black berry. Bark: thin, dark brown, scaly and furrowed.
60- Nyssa sylvatica - Nyssaceae. blackgum. Leaves: alternate; simple; deciduous 2-5 inches long, obovate, usually entire or wavymargined, occasionally 1 or two lobes near tip; thick and lustrous. Twigs: Slender; green to red-brown, smooth, pith diaphragmed; leaf
scar 3 bundle scars. Winter buds: terminal present; scaly; 1/4" long; ovoid; tri-colored. Bark: Thick, red-brown, deeply fissured and
broken into conspicuous square blocks on large trees; variable on smaller trees. Fruit: Fleshy, ovoid, blue-black drupe 1/3-2/3" long.
Branching distinctly at nearly 90 degree angles.
61- Ostrya virginiana - Betulaceae. ironwood (eastern hophornbeam). Leaves: alt, very thin, finely doubly serrate margins, upper
surface finely pubescent. Twigs: extremely fine: twigs and branches bronze in color. Buds: small, with vertically striated bud scales
(may need a hand lens). Bark: smooth bronze color with horizontal lenticles on young stems; eventually finely shreddy on older trees.
Fruit: a nutlet enclosed in a papery sac, aggregated into pendulate cone-like clusters; staminant aments performed. A small tree that is
extremely shade tolerant.
62- Oxydendrum arboreum - Ericaceae. sourwood. Leaves: alt. simple, margin serrate. Turns bright red in fall. Twigs: yellow green
turning pink in winter, single bundle scar. Odorous. Buds: reddish and hidden. Bark: deeply furrowed to blocky. Small tree here.
Fruit: Terminally borne raceme with white urn shaped flowers which turn into brown seed capsules. Member of blueberry family
found on dry sites typically.
63- Parthenocissus quinquefolia - Vitaceae. Virginia creeper. Leaves: alt., palmately compound with 5 leaflets; turn brilliant red in
the fall. Buds: short, rounded and red to orange in color. Twigs: Woody vine with circular, depressed leaf scars, suction cup-like
tendrils on young vines and aerial roots on larger vines. Fruit: a subglobose woody berry, scarcely fleshly; like wild grape in size and
color.
64- Picea abies - Pinaceae. Norway spruce. Needles: length extremely variable 1/4 to 1" long, somewhat flattened in cross section (4sided) , dark green in color. Twigs: orange color, peg-like projections. On large trees main branches out and up, small twigs droop
down. Buds: reddish-brown, cone shaped and somewhat pointed (reflexed scales). Cones: 4-6" long, thin scales, tan to red-brown
color. Central European species used for timber; in U.S. - used as an ornamental, Christmas trees and some pulpwood.
65- Picea mariana – Pinaceae. black spruce. Needles: length ¼ to ½” long, 4 sided, light blue-green in color with whitish lines,
spreading on all sides of twig, somewhat blunt pointed tips. Twigs slender, brown pubescent, needles borne on peg-like projections.
Cones smallest of spruces, 1” long used for pulpwood.
66- Picea pungens – Pinaceae. blue spruce. Needles: length ¾ to1¼ “ long, 4 sided, yellow-green to bluish to white in color with
whitish lines, spreading on all sides of twig, very sharp (painful to clench needled twig). Twigs: stout (for spruce), hairless orangebrown, needles borne of peg-like projections; branches appear layered. Buds: bud scales noticeably reflexed. Cones: 2-4” long,
cylindrical, light brown, scales pointed with jagged-erose margins. Used as an ornamental.
67- Pinus echinata - Pinaceae. shortleaf pine. Needles: 3-5" long, in fascicles of 2, occasionally 3, dark yellow-green, flexible. Cones:
1-1/2 tp 2-1/2" long, ovoid-oblong to conical, usually persistent, armed. Twigs: slender, green, tinged with a purplish bloom. Buds:
reddish brown appressed scales. Bark: on young trees nearly black, roughly scaly; on old trees reddish brown broken into irregular
plat plates (resin ducts ?). Deeper ridges than red pine. Native to S. Ohio including Athens Co.
68- Pinus nigra - Pinaceae. Austrian (or black) pine. Needles: 2 per fascicle, long needles, 4"-6" long, like red pine but stouter, stiffer
and will not break when bent. Twigs: stout and heavy. Buds: large and silvery or whitish. Bark: broad plates and black depressions on
older trees, young trees may resemble red pine. Cones: larger than red pine and armed (often weakly). Native of Europe planted as an
ornamental.
69- Pinus resinosa - Pinaceae. red pine. Needles: 2 per fascicle, 4-6" long, slender, flexible, break when bent double. Buds: generally
smaller than Pinus nigra with orange-brown to reddish-brown scales. Bark: flaky and reddish on young trees; older trees have large
red-brown plates separated by shallow fissures. Cones: small, 2-3" long; cone scales thick and unarmed. Native to the Lake States;
usually excellent form. Planted in Ohio's State Forests.
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70- Pinus rigida - Pinaceae. pitch pine. Needles: 3 per fascicle, yellow green, twisted, stiff, 3-5" long. Twigs: stout, brown to orange
color; epicormic shoots common on branches and bole. Buds: long terminal bud. Bark: black or brown and scaly on young trees;
older trees have large red-brown plates and narrow irregular fissures. Cones: 3-5" long, egg shaped, persistent, light colored, cone
scales thick and distinctly armed. Native of S.E. Ohio planted on state forests.
71- Pinus strobus - Pinaceae. eastern white pine. Needles: 5 per fascicle 3 to 5" long, slender, flexible, white lines of stomata, persist 2
years, fascicle sheath deciduous, stand upright on twigs -- plume-like. Bark: on young trees smooth and greenish brown, older trees -fissured, blocky and black. Cones: elongated, pitchy, stalked, 4 to 8" long, scales thin and unarmed. Can determine age by number of
whorls. Native mostly in N.E. Ohio.
72- Pinus sylvestris - Pinaceae. Scotch pine. Needles: 2 per fascicle, 1-1/2 to 3-1/2" long, stout, sharp-pointed, twisted, blue-green but
may become yellow in winter. Twigs: stout, newer growth greenish-gray color. Bark: orange inner bark, exposed in tops of older
trees. Cones: 2 to 3" long, minute spines, apophysis pyramid shaped, light brown in color. Native of Europe, often poor form, used
for Christmas trees. Usually relatively short lived due to a root nematode.
73- Pinus virginiana - Pinaceae. Virginia pine. Needles: 2 (rarely 3) per fascicle, 2-3"long, stout and twisted, long fascicle sheath,
needles not divergent. Twigs: purplish or glaucous bloom on new growth. Bark: smooth and thin on young stems later scaly-plated.
Cones: 2-1/2 to 4" long, sharp spined, persistent, inside of new cone purple color. Considered a southern pine but native to southern
Ohio. Usually limby and poorly formed (sometimes called scrub pine). Grows on poor sites and is planted on strip mines.
74- Platanus occidentalis - Platanaceae. sycamore. Leaves: alt., simple, large, thick, hairy on veins below; base of petiole covering
buds. Buds: resinous, nearly surrounded by leaf scars, conical shape, reddish-brown color. Fruit: globose head of many achenes, to 1
1/4" diameter. Bark: on younger stems smooth, brown to brown-white mottled, later brown and scaly.
75- Populus deltoides - Salicaceae. eastern cottonwood. Leaves: alt., deltoid, margins crenate-serrate; shiny green on upper surface,
paler and glabrous below, petioles flattened. Twigs: stout, frequently angular, yellowish brown, glabrous. Branch scars on larger
twigs. Buds: terminal buds to 3/4" long, pointed, resinous; lateral buds may be divergent. Bark: smooth yellow-green on young trees,
later grayish in thick, high ridges separated by deep fissures. Large size rapid growth, usually on moist sites. Little timber value.
76- Populus grandidentata - Salicaceae. bigtooth aspen. Leaves: alt., simple, rounded to ovate, margins coarsely toothed, flattened
petioles. Twigs: moderately slender, not ridged. Buds: lateral buds reddish brown in color with whitish bloom, divergent; buds
essentially non-resinous. Bark: young trees have smooth olive green bark (no local trees similar); older trees brown and furrowed,
with distinct diamond shapes scatter near base. Much smaller maximum size than deltiodes and occurs on drier sites. Light weight
wood. Not high timber value. Used in most of the events at the Paul Bunyon show.
77- Prunus americana - Rosaceae. American plum. Leaves: alt., simple, similar to P. serotina but broader, stouter, w/o midrib
pubescence. Fruit: bright red, to 1" diameter sour flesh. Twigs: fairly stout, no terminal, spine-like spurs usually present, no odor.
Shrub to small tree; frequently in clumps or thickets. Circular lenticles.
78- Prunus serotina - Rosaceae. black cherry. Leaves: alt., simple, lanceolate, on underside has rusty brown hair along midrib near
petiole. Bark: black, flaky, horizontal lenticels on twigs and young bark (smooth). Twigs: bitter almond smell and taste due to
cyanide, small buds. Fruits: small cherry, black, long clusters. Wood: furniture veneer, reddish in color. High quality valuable for
timber and veneer.
79- Quercus alba - Fagaceae. white oak. Leaves: lobes rounded. Buds: small rounded, cluster of terminal buds. Bark: extremely
variable, light ashy gray, may have small vertically aligned blocks, or scaly, or plates, and even deep ridges. Acorn: cup thick with
warty scales, nut often elongated. Highly valuable lumber.
80- Quercus bicolor - Fagaceae. swamp white oak. Leaves: alt., broad at apex, lobes rounded, shallowly lobed, or coarsely dentate or
crenate - extremely variable; underside usually pubescent and light-colored. Twigs: glabrous Buds: rounded with hairs extending
from between them. Bark: like alba, branches 1 to 2" in diameter have hanging, peeling bark. Acorn: stalk (peduncle) long - 1 to 4",
cup deep, nut large. Site: usually occurs in an area that floods for part of the season.
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81- Quercus coccinea - Fagaceae. scarlet oak. Leaves: alt., simple, deciduous, deeply 5-9 lobed, with wide circular shaped sinuses,
lobes bristle tipped; bright shiny green above, paler and glabrous below except axillary tufts; turning scarlet in autumn. Fruit: sessile
or nearly so; acorn 1/2 - 1 inch long, usually with distinctive concentric rings near the apex; cup is thick with warty, lustrous scales;
kernel bitter white. Twigs: slender, smooth; red brown. Buds: 1/8 - 1/4" long; not strongly angled; red-brown, silky hairs on upper
half of scales. Bark: Thick, nearly black, deeply furrowed with narrow scaly ridges, inner bark, red, not bitter. Lower branches
persistent, found on dry sites usually poor quality wood due to persistent branching.
82- Quercus imbricaria - Fagaceae. shingle oak. Leaves: alt., entire margins (only northern oak with this feature), oblong; dry leaves
remain attached throughout winter. Twigs;bark; and Acorn; like palustris. Usually found on moist sites. Used for shingles.
83- Quercus macrocarpa - Fagaceae. bur oak. Leaves: alternate, simple, lobes rounded, second sinus from apex often extends to
midrib, underside often pubescent. Twigs: stout, often with corky ridges on second year twigs, branches heavy, dark usually spreading
- massive appearance. Buds: gray, pubescent, "bear claws". Fruit: very large acorn, deep cup is fringed and nearly covers the nut. cone
like, oblong-ovoid, erect nearly sessile, scales glabrous. Bark: thick, dark brown to black definite vertical ridges.
84- Quercus muehlenbergii - Fagaceae. chinkapin oak. Leaves: alt., oblong lanceolate coarsely serrate or crenate, serrations not
bristle-tipped. Twigs: slender and glabrous. Buds: small, orange-brown, generally acute. Bark: blocky and scaly with a brownish
tinge (especially when wet) similar to Q. alba on lower stem but does not develop bark plates on upper stem as does Q. alba. Flakes
off easily when brushed with hand. Acorn: cup thin, scales flat to slightly warty smaller than Q. alba , nut dark brown to black when
ripe. More common in areas with limestone bedrock. Sold as white oak.
85- Quercus palustris - Fagaceae. pin oak. Leaves: alt., lobes pointed, smaller than rubra, sinuses nearly to midrib and broadly Ushaped to square. Twigs: small, profuse, persistent. Buds: like rubra but smaller Acorns: cup shallow and thin, nut small. Bark:
smoother than rubra or velutina. Native of poorly drained sites, often planted as an ornamental
86- Quercus prinus - Fagaceae. chestnut oak. Leaves: alternate; simple, shallow even lobes from top to bottom. Shape variable.
Twigs: Chestnut-brown in color. Long pointed buds color similar to twig. Fruit: Acorns large, stalked, dark-brown and football
shaped. Cap thin covers 1/3 to 1/2 of nut, scales somewhat fused. Bark: Unlike the rest of the white oak group. Hard deep furrows and
wide ridges. Found on ridge tops and very dry sites. Usually poor form.
87- Quercus rubra - Fagaceae. northern red oak. Leaves: alt., lobes pointed and bristle-tipped, depth of sinus halfway to midrib.
Smooth and waxy both surfaces. Buds: red-brown, no hair, round in cross-sections, sharp pointed, many overlapping scales. Bark:
(ski tracks) Wide, gray, flat top ridges, deep furrows black; inner bark pinkish or sandy colored. Acorn: cup shallow, scales tight, nut
large and barrel shaped. Highly valuable wood. Nearly as expensive as white oak. Vessels remain open therefore can not be used for
cooperage. Usually found on a fairly moist site often with yellow-poplar and black cherry present.
88- Quercus stellata - Fabaceae. post oak. Leaves: Lobes not bristle tipped, rigid, smooth on top, and fuzzy beneath. Widest above
middle. Cross shaped. Twigs: new grow olive brown, covered with a fuzzy tomentum. Buds: small and blunt. Bark: similar to white
oak, more deeply cut forming rectangular plates. Dry sites Fruit: very fine scales on nut. Otherwise similar to white oak.
89- Quercus velutina - Fagaceae. black oak. Leaves: alt., like rubra but often pubescent underside, extremely variable lobing. Buds:
similar to rubra except hairy, gray, and angled in cross-section. Bark: black and blocky -- especially lower trunk, upper branches like
rubra, yellow inner bark. Acorn: cup deeper than rubra, scales loose, nut smaller than rubra. Usually found on a slightly drier site
than rubra. Wood characteristics similar to rubra.
90- Rhamnus cathartica – Rhamnaceae. common buckthorn (European buckthorn). Leaves: Opposite or sub-opposite (partially
alternate), simple, elliptical to nearly oval, 2 to 3 inches long, finely serrated, dark shiny green above, much lighter below. Fruit:
round, 1/4 inch in diameter, drupe, shiny black when ripe in late summer. Twigs: Smooth, shiny gray to reddish brown with numerous
lenticels. Native to Europe, most commonly found in disturbed areas.
91- Rhododendron maximum - Ericaceae. rosebay rhododendron. Leaves: alt., simple; persistent 2-3 years; oblong, leathery; revolute,
entire margins; dark green above paler beneath with brown tomentotum. Petioles slightly fuzzy. Fruit: woody, oblong - ovoid, redbrown, sticky, 5-celled capsule 1/2 inch long. Twigs: stout; new growth may be hairy, green to red brown. Buds: terminal present,
conical, green, scaly flower buds larger. Shrub to small tree often in thickets on cool shady sites.
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92- Rhus copallina - Anacardiaceae. winged sumac (shining sumac). Leaves: alternate, cpd., and entire margin. Leaflike wings
growing between leaflets. Upper surface glossy or shiny. Twigs: round, skinny, covered with lenticles. Buds: small, whitish. Fruit:
Elongated cluster of dark red berries, tend to droop. Found along edges of fields and disturbed areas.
93- Rhus glabra - Anacardiacea. smooth sumac. Leaves: alt., pinnately cpd. with up to 25 leaflets and serrated, green above whitish
below. Twigs: stout, glabrous, sap milky, large buff colored pith. Bud: rounded, wooly, partially submerged, in center of leaf scar.
Fruit: a small red drupe aggregated into heads. Always shrubby, found in clumps or patches on road cuts or in old fields.
94- Rhus typhina - Anacardiaceae. staghorn sumac. Leaves: alternate compound and toothed. Rachis is velvety. Twigs: large diameter,
round to angled. Buds: white and pointed. Fruit: erect clusters of red fruit. Berries covered with hairs. Will attain larger size than
other sumacs.
95- Robinia pseudoacacia - Fabaceae. black locust. Leaves: alt., pinnately compound, with up to 17 leaflets (larger than Gleditisia)
buds covered by base of petiole. Twigs: paired stipular spines. Buds small inconspicuous. Fruit: a legume 2 - 4" long thin and flat,
light brown or tan in color. Bark: heavily ridged. Rarely reaches large tree size due to susceptibility to insects. Nitrogen fixing tree.
Prolific root sprouter. Used for fence posts, highly rot resistant.
96- Rosa sp. - Rosaceae. rose. Leaves: alt., pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, margins serrated. Canes: green or red in color,
round in cross section, no glaucous bloom, prickles with patch or pad-like attachment to cane that detaches easily. Fruit: called hips,
red in color single or in clusters, persistent through winter. Species found in this area include: Multiflora rose or (R. multifloria)
which is an exotic pest (hips in clusters, 7-9 leaflets, attains large shrubby size). Carolina or wild rose (R. carolina) which has single
or paired flowers and fruit on terminal stock and is a small shrub. Swamp rose, R. palustris, found in smamps and bottomlands may
attain large size, hips are bristly with long sepals.
97- Rubus sp.- Rosaceae. blackberry. Leaves: alt., 3-5 leaflets, may be velvety or smooth on the lower surface. Canes: red, green or
purple color, glabrous; more or less erect with upper part curved; armed with straight, stout prickles, upper part of cane angled in
cross-section, lower part of cane usually grooved. Fruit: a blackberry, edible. Used for wildlife food and habitat.
98- Rubus sp. - Rosaceae. raspberry. Leaves: alt., mostly with 3 leaflets white on under surface. Canes: usually purple or reddish in
color with heavy glaucous bloom; armed with stout recurved prickles; old canes curving or arching with upper part of cane round in
cross section. Fruit: raspberry edible. Wildlife habitat and food source.
99- Salix sp. - Salicaceae. willow. Leaves: alt., simple, narrowly lanceolate and often sickle shaped (falcate), up to 6" long, very short
petioles, usually serrated may be entire. Twigs: usually extremely slender (except with pussy willow) and yellow or green in color.
Buds: no true terminal bud, covered by a single caplike scale. Bark: brown to black ultimately in thick interlacing ridges. Fruit: a 2valved,1-celled capsule containing many silky haired seeds. Found on moist sites. Black willow (S. nigra) is tree sized. Sandbar
willow (S. exigua) shrub to small tree. Pussy willow (S. discolor) broad leaved and few teeth large fuzzy flower buds. Weeping
willow (S. babylonica) ornamental introduced from asia "weeping-like" branches planted as an ornamental.
100- Sambucus canadensis - Caprifoliaceae. elderberry. Leaves: opp., pinnately cpd. with up to 11 leaflets. Pith: white, very large;
terminal buds lacking. Twigs: tips frequently dead, light brown with warty lenticles. Fruit: a purple-black berry, born in broad cymose
clusters, edible. Shrubby nature, growth in clumps, early death of stems reproduction from root sprouts. Moist sites.
101- Sassafras albidum - Lauraceae. sassafras. Leaves: alt., simple, entire margin, variable in shape (entire, mitten-shaped, threelobed on same tree). Twigs: bright green. Buds: green. Bark. on young trees green turning orange; older trees have a brownish,
furrowed bark which is orange below surface. Fruit: blue drupe. Crushed leaves, bruised twigs and cut bark have a characteristic
aromatic odor; sassafras tea and oil is made from the root bark.
102- Smilax sp. - Liliaceae. greenbrier (sawbrier). Leaves: alt., ovate to rounded or may be heart shaped, netted veins, entire leaf
margins; leaves remain green into late fall. Twigs: vine or occasionally may be shrubby; stem green and often with straight black
prickles or thick thorns supported by a pair of tendrils on leaf petiole. Fruit: small blue to black berry
103- Staphylea trifolia - Staphyleaceae. bladdernut. Leaves: opp., trifoliate, finely serrated. Twigs: buds at end of twig, a pair of
laterals with out terminal being present. Fruit: an inflated 3-celled pod. Bark: mostly smooth, longitudinally streaked with gray.
Always shrubby. Usually found on rich moist sites.
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104- Taxodium distichum - Taxodiaceae. baldcypress. Leaves: 2-ranked or scale-like and appressed, lateral branchlets deciduous with
needles, leaving branch scars but no leaf scars. Bark: fibrous and reddish-brown on young trees; on older trees an ashy-gray color.
Cones: globose, 3/4" to 1" in diameter, disintegrating at maturity. A southern species native as far north as southern Indiana; grows
well here as a planted tree; developed a buttressed bole and knees in swamps. Valuable species in south wood highly rot resistent
known as "wood everlasting".
105- Taxus sp. - Taxaceae. yew. Needles: flat 2-ranked, dark green above, light green below with no white lines of stomata, sharp
pointed. Twigs: past years growth same green color as underside of needles. Buds: small and green. Fruit: a fleshy red aril enclosing
seed (fruit edible, seed poisonous). Many species and forms, used as ornamental - long lived. Taxus canadensis native to Hocking
Hills region. Taxus cuspidata commonly planted ornamental native to Japan.
106- Thuja occidentalis - Cupressaceae. northern white-cedar. Leaves: scale-like and flattened, yellow-green color, branchlets
flattened and fan-like, usually horizontally oriented, crushed foliage has a pungent odor. Bark: thin and fibrous. Cones: 1/4" to 1/2"
long, paired cone scales, upright leathery brown. More common north of Ohio however native to a few Ohio Counties west if the
Appalachian Plateau.
107- Tilia americana - Tiliaceae. basswood. Leaves: alt., lopsided heart shape, margins coarsely serrated. Twigs: new growth, may
be green to red, older twigs usually shiny gray; zigzag growth pattern. Buds: usually reddish and fairly broad with less than 3 visible
bud scales; no true terminal bud. Bark: green to grayish green and smooth on you trees; on older trees bark is gray to brown breaking
up into narrow ridges scaly on surface; ridges generally have 90 degree sides; hark is reddish when scraped. Fruit: nutlike between
1/3 to 1/2" diameter attached in clusters to a large distinctive leafy bract. Often has sprouts at the base of tree. Usually on moist site.
Wood used for carving, Native Americans made rope from inner bark. Hollow sound when knocked on like a door.
108- Toxicodendron radicans - Anacardiaceae. poison-ivy. Leaves: alternate, trifoliate. Twigs: brownish. Buds: naked, elongated,
angular, tan or light brown. Fruit: yellow-white berry. A vine or shrub, vines climb with aerial roots.
109- Tsuga canadensis - Pinaceae. eastern hemlock. Needles: short 1/3 to 2/3" long, flat, blunt, lie flattened in one plane -- two ranked,
2 white lines of stomata on underside of needles, petioles present, small needles on upper side of twig reduced in size and appressed.
Twigs: slender, terminal leader often droop to one side. Bark: purple streaks on older trees, deep furrows. Cones: small 1/2 to 1"
pendant, light brown color. Native to eastern Ohio.
110- Ulmus americana - Ulmaceae. American elm. Leaves: alt., simple, margins coarsely double serrate, lopsided at base; smooth to
slightly scabrous above. Twigs: brown color, glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender. Buds: small, brown, pseudoterminal bud. Bark:
alternate layers of dark phloem and lighter colored cork. Species commonly has vase-like form. Dutch elm disease.
111- Ulmus rubra - Ulmaceae. slippery elm (red elm). Leaves: alt., simple, margins coarsely doubly serrate, lopsided at base; larger
than U. americana, very scabrous. Buds: dark brown to nearly black, large pseudoterminal bud. Bark: uniformly reddish brown in xsection. On older trees longer broader ridges or plates than U. americana. Straighter main stem usually.
112-Vaccinium sp. - Ericaceae. blueberry (cranberry, huckleberry or deerberry). Leaves: mostly deciduous, evergreen, alternate,
simple. Twigs: usually greenish, smooth, hairy or black speckled. Usually found along rocky out crops or dry upper slopes.
Cranberry found in acid bogs and swamps.
113- Viburnum acerifolium - Caprifoliaceae. mapleleaf viburnum. Leaves: opposite, simple, 3 lobed. Similar to red maple but larger
teeth. Smooth above velvety below. May have black dots on lower surface. Twigs: Twigs are brown and usually slightly hairy. Buds:
2-3 scales, purple and yellow in winter. Lateral buds resemble "deer toes". Fruit: terminally borne, dark blue to black berries, may
persist into winter.
114- Viburnum prunifolium - Caprifoliaceae. blackhaw. Leaves: opposite, simple, oval, margin finely serrated. Twigs: gray, often
show right angle opposite branching. Buds: terminal buds slender, pointed and covered by purplish pubescence; may have swollen
flower buds remotely resembling the flower buds of Cornus florida. Bark: gray. Fruit: a ovoid blue-black drupe in clusters. Shrubby
or small tree.
115- Vitis sp. - Vitaceae. wild grape. Leaves: alt. simple, heart-shaped and long pointed tip or deeply lobed. Twigs: brown and smooth
when young, twisted tendrils often present. Bark: splitting and shredding. No adherent rootlets present. Fruit: clusters of purple to
black berries. Used in wines and jellies.
116- Xanthoxylum americanum – Rutaceae. prickly ash. Leaves: alternate, compound finely serrated, similar to ash. Twigs: brown,
with short stout thorns. Buds: slightly hairy and red. Can be found growing in thickets on mixed sites in the understory.
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