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Biotechnology I How is an infectious disease different from a genetic or metabolic disease What microbes are associated with infectious disease? What is the difference between emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases? Definition: Anything that can impair normal tissue function in the human body Two types Genetic or metabolic – physiological disruption of tissue function ▪ Ex. Cystic fibrosis: abnormal production of thick mucus because of impaired chloride transport across cell membranes. ▪ Ex. Atherosclerosis –Plaques of cholesterol have built up and partially blocked arteries – lead to heart attacks and strokes Two Types Infectious disease – caused by the invasion of the host by agents that harm host’s tissues (i.e. disease) and can be transmitted to other individual’s (i.e. infectious) Ex. Measles virus Why is atherosclerosis not considered an infectious disease? Be ready to share PROPERTY OF PIMA COUNTY JTED, 2010 3 Microorganisms that cause disease Classified as either Bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes. ▪ Ex. Salmonella typhi – causes typhoid fever Viruses – not living organismsno metabolism and cannot reproduce on their own ▪ Ex. Ebola virus Fungi-eukaryotic, heterotrophic ▪ Ex. Ringworm; certain types of yeast Protozoa –unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes ▪ Ex. Plasmodium that causes Malaria Infection –pathogen invades and begin multiplying in host Disease- when the pathogen causes harm to host tissue Infection does not always result in disease!!! Enter at one of four sites Respiratory tract (mouth, nose) Ex. Influenza virus Gastrointestinal tract (mouth oral cavity) Ex. Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera Urogenital tract Ex. E. coli causes cystitis Breaks in the skin Ex. Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus To make us ill, microbes have to Reach target tissue Attach to target site to infect Multiply rapidly Obtain nutrients from host Avoid and survive attack by the host’s immune system What are some past and current cause of death and illness associated with infectious diseases? Emerging infectious diseases Have not occurred in humans before ▪ Ex. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Occurred previously but only affected small numbers of people in isolated areas ▪ Ex. Ebola virus Have occurred throughout human history but only recently has been recognized as a distinct disease caused by an infections agent ▪ Ex. Lyme disease Re-emerging infectious diseases Once major health problems in particular country then declined dramatically Recently have reappeared -caused renewed health problem ▪ Examples ▪ Tuberculosis- pathogen become resistant to antibiotics ▪ Malaria – vector mosquito that carries the pathogen become pesticide resistant ▪ Measles – failure to vaccinate Take Five Disease Cards and classify Infectious agent Mode of transmission Emerging or RE-emerging disease Complete Chlorea Pogil