Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Geology 12 Rocks and the Rock Cycle by MVG You will need your: • Blue Sheet (Classification of Rocks) • Rock ID Lab • Percent Mineral Composition Chart • Environment Diagrams • Piece of paper (or the blue sheet) for making notes on any “extras” ROCK TYPE… Igneous Rocks ROCK TYPE… Sedimentary Rocks SUBCLASSES… Intrusive & Extrusive SUBCLASSES… Clastic, Chemical & Organic 1 MUST KNOW ROCK TYPE… Metamorphic Rocks SUBCLASSES… Foliated & Non-Foliated T&P Igneous Environments Igneous Rocks Intrusive & Extrusive 2 MUST KNOW MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Percent Composition Chart Rhyolite Igneous Extrusive / Volcanic Comment: Felsic MUST KNOW Percent Composition Chart Granite Igneous Intrusive / Plutonic Comment: Felsic 3 Percent Composition Chart Andesite Igneous Extrusive / Volcanic Comment: Intermediate Diorite Igneous Intrusive / Plutonic Comment: Intermediate MUST KNOW Percent Composition Chart MUST KNOW Basalt Igneous Extrusive / Volcanic Comment: Mafic Percent Composition Chart Gabbro Igneous Intrusive / Plutonic Comment: Mafic MUST KNOW Percent Composition Chart 4 Percent Composition Chart Peridotite Igneous Intrusive / Plutonic Comment: Ultramafic Anorthosite Igneous Intrusive / Plutonic Comment: Ultramafic Contains high percentage of mineral olivine. Gem form called “peridots.” Genesis Rock MUST KNOW Igneous Rock Features PLUTONS: Sills, Dikes, Batholiths Columnar Basalt Vesicuar Basalt Chilled Margins / Pillow Lava Glasses Pyroclastics Phenocryts, Porphyry, Pegmatites Welded Tuff, Breccia See website for additional features and photos. 5 Devils Postpile Sierra Nevada Mtns MUST KNOW Columnar Basalt Columns form during cooling of large flows. Vesicles indicate a lava flow rather than intrusion. Yellowknife NWT Greenstone Belt Slave Craton MUST KNOW Yellowknife NWT Greenstone Belt Slave Craton MUST KNOW Pillow Lava with chilled margin. Crystal size increases from edge to center. Vesicular Basalt 6 MUST KNOW Pumice (floating, vesicular, volcanic glass) Obsidian volcanic glass chonchoidal fracture Pyroclastic Material Scoria 7 MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Porphyry Xenoliths Different sized crystals indicate different cooling rates. are INCLUSIONS of the original country rock. They are older than the surrounding rock. The large crystals are called phenocrysts. The larger crystals had longer to form. “The chocolate chips of rocks.” Uniformly small crystals are called the matrix. Volcanic Breccia – cemented volcanic material Pegmatite Hydrothermal Mineral deposit 8 Sedimentary Environments Sedimentary Rocks Clastic, Chemical & Organic Sorting by water 9 MUST KNOW Conglomerate Sedimentary Clastic Comment: AKA Pudding stone Conglomerate Breccia Sedimentary Clastic Comment: “Broken Pieces” MUST KNOW Sandstone Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented sand grains 10 MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Sandstone Sandstone Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented sand grains Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented sand grains Siltstone (similar to SHALE) Mudstone (similar to SHALE) Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented silt particles Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented mud particles 11 MUST KNOW SHALE Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented clay particles Sedimentary Clastic Comment: cemented clay particles MUST KNOW Oolitic Limestone Limestone Sedimentary Chemical Comment: indicate a shallow sea environment MUST KNOW Sedimentary Chemical Comment: a carbonate (contains the mineral calcite) 12 MUST KNOW Rock Salt Sedimentary Chemical / Evaporite Comment: mineral halite MUST KNOW Gypsum Sedimentary Chemical / Evaporite Comment: mineral Potash Sedimentary Chemical / Evaporite Comment: contains the minerals halite and sylvite 13 Fossiliferous Limestone MUST KNOW Sedimentary Biological / Organic Comment: cemented shells MUST KNOW Coquina Sedimentary Biological / Organic Comment: cemented shell fragments (looks like granola) Chalk Sedimentary Biological / Organic Comment: microscopic shells Chert Sedimentary Organic or Chemical Comment: silica 14 MUST KNOW Ironstones Sedimentary Organic or Chemical Comment: iron ore Coal Australia Sedimentary Biological / Organic Comment: plant remains Drumheller Alberta Sedimentary Rock Features Stratification Carbonate Platforms Ripple Marks / Crossbedding Graded Bedding Mudcracks Fossils MUST KNOW Stratification 15 Development of a Carbonate Platform Uplifted Carbonate Platform - England Florida - Exposed Carbonate Platform 16 Uplifted Carbonate Platform - China Ripple Marks Tilted Carbonate (Limestone) and Shale Platform MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Symmetrical Ripple Marks 17 Crossbedding Symmetrical Ripple Marks Zion National Park, Utah Crossbedding Crossbedding 18 Graded Bedding MUST KNOW “Turbitites” Graded Bedding Æ Turbidites Graded Bedding 19 MUST KNOW Mudcracks Mudcracks MUST KNOW Fossilized Mudcracks Cast Fossil - Trilobite 20 Stromatolites Turitella – Fossil Shells MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Stromatolites Varves Glacial Lake Sediments KLO Road, Kelowna BC 21 Metamorphic Environments Metamorphic Rocks Foliated & Non-Foliated MUST KNOW MUST KNOW 22 Increasing Degrees of Metamorphism Shale (due to increasing depth / T&P) Slate Phylite Schist Slate Metamorphic Foliated Comment: parent=shale Gneiss MUST KNOW MUST KNOW MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Slate Metamorphic Foliated Comment: parent=shale Phylite Metamorphic Foliated Comment: small mica flakes visible 23 MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Gneiss Schist Metamorphic Foliated (banded) Comment: parent=granite Metamorphic Foliated Comment: “schistocity” MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Quartzite Marble Metamorphic Non-Foliated Comment: parent=limestone Metamorphic Non-Foliated Comment: parent=quartz sandstone 24 Coal Formation…. (due to increasing depth / T&P) MUST KNOW MUST KNOW Meta-conglomerate Metamorphic Non-Foliated Comment: parent=conglomerate MUST KNOW Garnet Staurolite Anthracite Coal Metamorphic Non-Foliated Comment: further metamorphism produces the mineral graphite MUST KNOW Index Minerals Indicate Metamorphic Grade 25 The End! Migmatite Partially melted rock which indicates highest grade of metamorphism Pyrite crystals on stalagmite dripstone. ($65) http://www.minfind.com/mineral-list.php 26