Download Cell Energy and Cell Division Study Guide The test will consist of a

Cell Energy and Cell Division Study Guide
The test will consist of a selection of the following questions. Choices have been removed from the
multiple choice questions so that you will not just memorize the choices, but rather recognize the correct
answer when you see the choices.
____
1. Based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say that the ultimate original source of energy for all living
things on Earth is
____
2. The process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules is known as
____
3. The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth because
____
4. The major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is
____
5. All organic molecules contain carbon atoms that ultimately can be traced back in the food chain to
____
6. ATP is
____
7. The process of cellular respiration
____
8. Chromatids are
____
9. A protein disk that attaches two chromatids to each other in a chromosome is called a
____
10. The chromosomes in your body
____
11. A diploid cell is one that
____
12. diploid : body cell :: haploid :
____
13. The diploid number of chromosomes in a human skin cell is 46. How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell?
____
14. How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 8?
____
15. The stage of the cell cycle that occupies most of the cell’s life is
____
16. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle?
____
17. The phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the cell is called
____
18. Refer to the illustration above. The cell in diagram 1 is in
____
19. Refer to the illustration above. Mitosis begins with the stage shown in diagram
____
20. Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown in diagram 5 is in
____
21. A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, each of the two new cells formed from the original cell
____
22. As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the original cell during cytokinesis
____
23. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following correctly indicates the order in which these events occur?
____
24. Refer to the illustration above. During which stage do the centromeres divide?
____
25. Mitosis is a process by which
____
26. The difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis is that
Diagrams 1 and 2 show cells from an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 4.
____
27. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the cells will be a diploid cell at the completion of division?
____
28. Refer to the illustration above. Which of these cells is in the process of dividing to form gametes?
____
29. When crossing-over takes place, chromosomes
____
30. The exchange of segments of DNA between the members of a pair of chromosomes
____
31. By the end of prophase, each of the following has occurred except ____.
____
32. Why is the synthesis stage called this?
____
33. Cancer cells can reproduce rapidly because they
____
34. DNA replication occurs during
____
35. A cell that undergoes repeated mitosis without cytokinesis would have
____
36. Why is it important for the chromosomes to condense during mitosis?
____
37. A stem cell has potential medical uses because it
____
38. The numbers in Figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The processes that are occurring
at A and B are ____.
Figure 10-1
____
39. Which event during meiosis leads to a reduction in chromosome number from 2n to n?
____
40. Crossing over would most likely occur during which stage of the cell cycle?
____
41. Which is the best description of the events that take place during anaphase II?
____
42. The typical human body cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in a typical human sperm?
Figure 10-9
____
43. Consider the cell labeled X in Figure 10-9 containing 4 chromosomes. Which of the four cells below it represents a healthy gamete
that could be produced from this cell?
Figure 10-10
____
44. Which stage of meiosis is represented in Figure 10-10?
45. Organisms that harvest energy from either sunlight or chemicals in order to make food molecules are called ____________________.
46. Following replication of its DNA, each chromosome contains two ____________________, which are attached to each other by a
centromere.
47. The sequence of events that occurs in a cell from one mitotic division to the next is called the ____________________.
48. Collectively, the time spent in G1 + S + G2 is called ____________________.
49. In mitosis, anaphase follows ____________________.
50. Chromosomes coil up into short rods during ____________________.
51. During cell division, plant cells form a new ____________________ in the center of the cell.
52. In eukaryotic cells, ____________________ takes place after the nucleus divides.
53. The stage of meiosis during which homologues line up along the equator of the cell is called ____________________.
54. The process called ____________________ guarantees that the number of chromosomes in gametes is half the number of
chromosomes in body cells.
55. A reciprocal exchange of corresponding segments of DNA is called ____________________.
56. The cells resulting from meiosis in either males or females are called ____________________.
57. As a result of spermatogenesis, four cells are produced that can all develop into sperm cells. As a result of oogenesis, only
____________________ cell(s) develop(s) into (an) egg cell(s).
58. Control of the cell cycle occurs at three main ____________________.
59. Cancer occurs as a result of disorders in cell ____________________.
60. Mitosis is the division of ____________________.
61. Interphase is divided into three stages: G1, ____________________, and G2.
62. Once the cell cycle begins, there are built-in ____________________ that can stop it at any time.
63. If cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control cell division, ____________________ results.
64. ____________________ are unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells under the right conditions.
Short Answer
65. How does meiosis maintain a constant number of chromosomes in the body cells of organisms that reproduce sexually?
66. Why do the cells of plant roots generally lack chloroplasts? Write your answer in the space below.
67. Define the terms autotroph and heterotroph. What types of organisms belong in each of these categories? Write your answer in the
space below.
68. The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is usually described as a cycle. Briefly explain. Write your answer in
the space below.
69.
Refer to the illustration above. Identify the structure in the illustration and discuss its importance during eukaryotic cell division. Write
your answer in the space below.
70. What would happen if the chromosome number were not reduced before sexual reproduction? Write your answer in the space below.
71. Briefly describe the five stages of the cell cycle. Write your answer in the space below.
72. Compare the features of mitotic metaphase, meiotic metaphase I, and meiotic metaphase II. Write your answer in the space below.
73. Explain how offspring resulting from sexual reproduction differ from offspring resulting from asexual reproduction.
74. A great deal of research on the causes of and a possible cure for cancer focuses on mitosis. Why? Write your answer in the space
below.
Cell Energy and Cell Division Practice Test
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
6-1.1
2. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
6-1.1
3. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
6-1.1
4. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
6-1.3
5. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
6-2.2
6. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
7-1.1
7. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
7-1.1
8. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.1
9. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.1
10. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.4
11. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.5
12. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.5
13. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.5
14. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.5
15. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.3
16. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.3
17. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.4
18. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.4
19. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.4
20. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.4
21. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.2
22. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.2
23. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.4
24. ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.4
25. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.4
26. ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.1
27. ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-3.1
28. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-3.5
29. ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.3
30. ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.3
31. ANS: D
In prophase, the cell’s chromatin tightens into chromosomes. Near the end of this stage, the nuclear envelope breaks down and
disappears. Finally, the spindle starts to form.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
See page 248 for help.
Good try.
That occurs during prophase.
That's correct!
1
LS_1d
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
9-4
REF:
248–250
REF:
247
REF:
254
32. ANS: B
“Synthesis” refers to the synthesis of DNA during this phase.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
This is not what is being made.
That's correct!
It refers to something being made.
Review the material on page 247.
1
LS_1d
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
9-3
33. ANS: D
Cancer cells spend less time in interphase than do normal cells.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
Try again.
See page 254 for further information.
Mitosis takes as long in cancer cells.
That's correct!
1
LS_1d
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level D
9-7
34. ANS: B
During the second stage of interphase, called synthesis, a cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
DNA replication has already occurred by this point.
That's correct!
See page 247 for help.
Try again.
1
LS_1d
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level A
9-3
REF:
247
35. ANS: C
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus. Without cytokinesis, or cell division, mitosis alone will lead to a multinucleate cell. This occurs
in many organisms, especially fungi.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
Cytokinesis is what produces the daughter cells.
The chromosome numbers would not decrease.
That's right!
Cancer is a result of uncontrolled cell division; in this case division is not occurring.
1
LS_1d
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level F
9-2
REF:
246
36. ANS: B
The decondensed chromosomes are so long and diffuse that they could not be disentangled when they are dragged to the poles of the
dividing cell.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
You're not considering when condensation takes place.
That's right!
The chromosomes aren't involved in cytokinesis.
The chromosomes aren't involved in spindle formation.
1
LS_1d
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level D
9-4
REF:
248–252
37. ANS: B
A stem cell’s usefulness lies in the fact that it is unspecialized and therefore has the potential to develop into cells of different kinds
that might be used to repair damaged tissue.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
Many cells undergo mitosis; this is not their usefulness.
That's right!
They are not especially similar to cancer cells.
This is not their usefulness.
1
LS_1f
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level C
9-9
REF:
256–257
38. ANS: B
Meiosis involves the reduction in chromosome number prior to fertilization.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
If this were mitosis, then step A would not lead to a reduction in chromosome number.
Correct.
Pollination occurs in plants.
Pollination occurs in plants.
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level C
10-2
REF:
275
39. ANS: C
Reduction in chromosome number occurs when homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated during meiosis I.
A
B
C
D
Feedback
The cell is still 2n at this point.
Check page 272.
Correct.
The cells are already n at this point.
PTS:
NAT:
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
10-1
REF:
272–274
40. ANS: B
Crossing over refers to the exchange of DNA, which occurs when homologous chromosomes form pairs.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
Check page 272.
Well done.
Crossing over occurs before this.
Try again.
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level E
10-2
REF:
272–274
41. ANS: C
Anaphase is the phase in which chromosomes are separated. Homologous pairs are separated during anaphase I. Sister chromatids are
separated during anaphase II.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
This is prophase I.
This is metaphase I.
This is correct.
This is anaphase I.
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
10-2
REF:
272–274
42. ANS: A
The sperm contains half the number of chromosomes found in a body cell.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
Correct.
Sperm contain a haploid number of chromosomes.
A body cell has twice the number of chromosomes as a sperm.
See pages 272–274.
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
10-1
REF:
272–274
43. ANS: A
The healthy gamete would have half the original number of chromatids. In this case, the number is A.
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
Correct.
The chromatids in the gamete would not be joined at the centromere.
There should be two chromatids in the gamete.
Try again.
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level C
10-1
REF:
44. ANS: D
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell during metaphase II.
275
A
B
C
D
PTS:
NAT:
Feedback
The chromosomes are lined up along the equator.
The chromosomes are not in pairs.
Check page 275.
Correct.
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level D
10-2
REF:
DIF:
1
OBJ:
6-1.1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-1.1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.4
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.3
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.4
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.4
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.5
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.5
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.2
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.1
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.3
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-3.1
COMPLETION
45. ANS:
PTS:
46. ANS:
PTS:
47. ANS:
PTS:
48. ANS:
PTS:
49. ANS:
PTS:
50. ANS:
PTS:
51. ANS:
PTS:
52. ANS:
PTS:
53. ANS:
PTS:
54. ANS:
PTS:
55. ANS:
PTS:
56. ANS:
PTS:
57. ANS:
autotrophs
1
chromatids
1
cell cycle
1
interphase
1
metaphase
1
prophase
1
cell wall
1
cytokinesis
1
metaphase I
1
meiosis
1
crossing-over
1
gametes
1
275
one
1
PTS:
58. ANS:
PTS:
59. ANS:
PTS:
60. ANS:
PTS:
NAT:
61. ANS:
PTS:
NAT:
62. ANS:
1
1
OBJ:
8-3.5
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.6
DIF:
1
OBJ:
8-2.6
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
9-2
REF:
246
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level A
9-3
REF:
247
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level C
9-6
REF:
254
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level C
9-7
REF:
254
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level B
9-9
REF:
256
division
1
a nucleus
1
LS_1d
synthesis
1
LS_1d
checkpoints
1
LS_1d
63. ANS:
cancer
PTS:
NAT:
1
LS_1d
PTS:
NAT:
1
checkpoints
PTS:
NAT:
64. ANS:
DIF:
Stem cells
1
LS_1f
SHORT ANSWER
65. ANS:
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes to n or half in the sperm and egg. When fertilization occurs, the 2n number of
chromosomes is restored.
PTS:
NAT:
1
LS_2b
DIF:
TOP:
Bloom's Level E
10-1
REF:
276
ESSAY
66. ANS:
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs sunlight. Since most roots are underground, where light will not reach their
cells, they have no need for chlorophyll or chloroplasts.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
6-1.2
67. ANS:
Organisms that acquire energy by making their own food are called autotrophs. Plants and certain unicellular organisms are
autotrophs. Organisms that gain energy by eating other organisms are called heterotrophs. Some unicellular organisms, as well as all
animals and fungi, are heterotrophs.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
6-1.1
68. ANS:
The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is often described as cyclic because the products of one process are
used as the reactants for the other. Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, incorporating light energy
into the bonds of glucose. Cellular respiration, on the other hand, releases energy from the bonds of glucose for use by the cell, and in
the process produces carbon dioxide and water.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
7-1.1
69. ANS:
This is a chromosome, which is made of DNA. During mitosis, the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei, each containing a
complete set of the cell’s chromosomes. Thus, each new cell formed during cell division contains identical DNA.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.2
70. ANS:
The number of chromosomes in the offspring would be double the number in the parents. The number and characteristics of
chromosomes in cells determine the traits of the organism. The organism would almost certainly not survive the doubling of its
chromosomes, and even if it did survive and reproduce, then the number of chromosomes would become unmanageably large after
only a few generations.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-1.3
71. ANS:
The G1 stage of the cell cycle is the phase of cell growth. This is followed by the S stage, during which DNA is copied. G 2 involves
the cell preparing for cell division. The M phase is when mitosis occurs. The cell cycle concludes with cytokinesis. The newly formed
cells then enter into a new cell cycle, repeating these stages.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.3
72. ANS:
During mitotic metaphase, the diploid number of chromosomes of the cell line up single file across the equator of the cell. Meiotic
metaphase I is characterized by the homologous chromosomes lining up as pairs (double file) along the equator. Metaphase II of
meiosis is similar to mitotic metaphase, except that the number of chromosomes is the haploid number rather than the diploid number.
These chromosomes line up single file across the cell equator.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-3.4
73. ANS:
Offspring from sexual reproduction have two parents. They were produced through meiosis and fertilization. They are genetically
different from either parent but have similarities to both. Offspring from asexual reproduction arise through mitosis in one parent.
They are identical genetically to that parent.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-3.6
74. ANS:
Cancer is a disease in which cells grow and undergo mitosis at an abnormally high rate. If the causes of uncontrolled mitosis of
cancerous cells could be determined, perhaps cancer could be slowed or cured.
PTS:
1
DIF:
2
OBJ:
8-2.6