Download +V in

Guided By: Prof. N.A. Gajjar
Enrollment No.
130230109013
130230109014
130230109015
130230109016
130230109017
Name
Gajera Marvin
Golakiya Dushyant
Gosai Mayur
Goswami Drashti
Hathaliya Bharat
Symbol:
Non-inverting input
Positive voltage supply
+
Output
-
Negative voltage supply
• At a minimum, op-amps have 3 terminals: 2 input and 1
output.
• An op amp also requires dc power to operate. Often, the
op-amp requires both positive and negative voltage
supplies (V+ and V-).
V1
Input
V2
Input Stage
Intermediate
Stage
Level
Shifting
Stage
Out put
Stage
Output

An Op-Amp can be conveniently divided into Four main
blocks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Input Stage
Intermediate Stage
Level Shifting Stage
Output Stage
Input Stage:
The input stage is Dual input, balanced output
differential. The two inputs are inverting & Noninverting input terminals. this stage provides most
of the voltage gain of the op-amp and decides
the input resistance value Ri
Intermediate Stage:
This is usually another differential amplifier. It is
driven by the output of the input stage the stage is
dual input unbalanced output differential amplifier.
Level Shifting Stage:
Due to direct coupling between the first two
stages, the input of level shifting stage is an
amplified signal with some non-zero DC level. Level
shifting stage is used to bring this DC level to zero
with respect to ground.
Output Stage:
This stage is normally a complementary output
stage. It increases the magnitude of voltage and
raises the current supplying capability of the opamp. It also provides a low output resistance.
741
1
+VCC
8
+VCC
1
8
2
-
7
2
-
7
3
+
6
3
+
6
-VEE
4
-VEE
5
Dot marked Package
4
5
Notched Package
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Offset Null
Inverting Input
Non-Inverting Input
-VEE
Offset Null
Output
+VCC
N/C
 Pin 1 and Pin 5 : Offset null input, are used to remove
the Offset voltage.
 Pin 2: Inverting input (-Vin), signals at this pin will be
inverted at output Pin 6.
 Pin 3: Non-inverting input (+Vin), signals at pin 3 will
be processed without inversion.
 Pin 4: Negative power supply terminal (-VEE).
 Pin 6: Output (Vout) of the Op-Amp
 Pin 7: Positive power supply terminal (+VCC)
 Pin 8: No connection (N\C), it is just there to make it
a standard 8-pin.
•Op-Amp:
An active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, differentiation and integration.
High performance linear amplifier that requires a power
source to operate.
•Gain:
Amount of amplification produced by an Op-Amp.
Gain is independent from the supply voltage (power
given for the Op-Amp to operate).
• Open-Loop Mode:
Function of an Op-Amp when the feedback
resistor (Rf) is zero. The Op-Amp operates as a
comparator and not as a linear amplifier.
• Comparator:
Compares the –V and +V inputs to see which is
greater and returns a result.
• Bandwidth:
The range of frequency at which an Op-Amp will
function. (Ideal = ∞)
• Input Offset Voltage:
Even when there is no input voltage the Op-Amp
gives off a small voltage. This can be canceled out by
use of the Offset Null pin on the chip.
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR):
Ability of an Op-Amp to reject a signal applied to
both inputs simultaneously.
• Slew Rate (V/µs):
Amount of time it takes for the Op-Amp to step to
another voltage level. (Non-Ideal)
Parameter
Variable
Ideal Values
A
Typical
Ranges
105 to 108
Open-Loop
Voltage Gain
Input
Resistance
Ri
105 to 1013 W
∞W
Output
Resistance
Ro
10 to 100 W
0W
Supply
Voltage
Vcc/V+
-Vcc/V-
5 to 30 V
-30V to 0V
N/A
N/A
∞
Maximum Ratings:
Supply Voltage
Power Dissipation
Diff. Input Voltage
Input Voltage
Operating Temperature
Offset
Null
- IN
1
2
+ IN
3
-V
4
8
+
-
±18 V
500 mW
±30 V
±15 V
0°C to 70°C
Unused
7
+V
6
Out
5
Offset
Null
Characteristics:
Input Offset Voltage
Input Resistance
CMMR
Bandwidth
Slew Rate
2 to 6 mV
3 to 2 MΩ
70 to 90 dB
0.5 to 1.5 MHz
0.5 V/µs
 The ICs are broadly Categorized into TWO classes as:
1. Digital ICs 2. Linear ICs
 Linear ICs are equivalent of Descrete Transistor circuits
such as amplifier, filters, etc.
 The linear ICs are also known as the Analog ICs of all the
available linear ICs almost all are operational amplifier.
 We can classify the integrated circuits into TWO classes
based on the technology used. The Two classes are:
1. Monolithic Technology
2. Hybrid Technology
 Further Classification of IC technology is shown below.
Monolithic ICs:
 In this type of ICs, all the circuit components, and their
interactions are manufactured into or on top of a
single chip of Silicon. that is why the name monolithic.
 The technology is ideally suitable when identical
circuits are required in a very large number.
 The monolithic circuits are further classified into TWO
categories namely “Bipolar” & “Unipolar”.
 The advantages of monolithic technology are:
1. Low per unit cost 2. Very high reliability
Hybrid ICs:
 The hybrid circuits are completely different from the monolithic
ones.
 In hybrid circuits, separate component parts are first attached
to a Ceramic substrate. Then these parts are interconnected by
means of either metallization pattern or wire bonds to form the
circuits.
Classification based on Active devices:
 Depending upon the type of active device being used, the ICs
can be classified as Bipolar ICs (which use bipolar junction
transistor) and Unipolar ICs (which use field effect transistors).
 The bipolar and Unipolar ICs are further classified depending on
the isolation technique or type of FET (JFET or MOSFET)
 There are many applications of an OP-AMP.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Voltage Adder (Summing Amplifier)
Difference Amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator
Voltage Follower & etc…
Application : For Noise Cancellation
If R1 = R2 and Rf = Rg:
R
C
Vin
Vo
The input is integrated with respect to time.
R2
R1
Vin
C
R3
Vo
Vo
Vin
 It is a non inverting amplifier with gain=1
 So the output is the same as input.