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Learning Haven’t we already talked about this??? What’s the difference between: • Learning • Knowledge • Memory • Education • Training Learning “… any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience” (Wade & Tavris, 2005, p. 285) The study of learning has been heavily dominated by… Behaviorism Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Dog Have you ever been classically conditioned? Conditioning Fear John B. Watson trained “Little Albert” to be afraid of white mice Stimulus Generalization John B. Watson trains “Little Albert” to be afraid of bearded men Stimulus Discrimination Learning to tell the difference between stimuli Extinction Stopping the reaction How many times do you have to ring the bell without food to get the drooling to stop? Operant Conditioning What is a consequence? Reinforcement Schedules Does punishment change behavior? Sometimes. If… • Immediate. • Consistent. Note: Harsher doesn’t help. Mild punishment works just as well. Punishment does not work when… Why punishment fails… • Causes anxiety, fear, rage These are not good conditions for learning. Too much anxiety, too little information. • Stops working when the punishment goes away – Can I get away with it? INSTEAD OF Is this a good idea? • Can’t be immediate enough or specific enough The dog who eats the box of treats while you’re at work has been rewarded 50 times before you get home to punish him. • Doesn’t convey information about what to do • May be an accidental reinforcer Social-Cognitive Learning Theory Behaviorism (yes, we are conditioned, but)… Observational learning Social cognitive theory helps explain this. • Attitudes • Beliefs • Expectations Are behaviorists still around? • Do you ever see systems of reinforcement and punishment? • “Cognitive behavioral therapy” • Behaviorists never said thinking didn’t happen, only that there was no sense in trying to study it. What kind of research would Skinner be doing today?