Download Grade 9 Academic Science

SNC 2D Exam Review
Unit 1: Chemistry
1. What are the signs of physical change? Chemical change? How are they different?
2. What do atoms do to become stable? What does a metal like lithium or calcium do? What about a
non-metal like sulfur or iodine?
3. How do atoms become ions? Do they lose or gain protons, electrons, and/or neutrons?
4. How does an atom become a positively-charged ion? Negatively-charged?
5. Calculate the # of protons, # of electrons, and # of neutrons of 3 metals, 2 non-metals, and 1
metalloid on the PT.
6. Calculate the # of protons, # of electrons, and # of neutrons of the ions formed by the 3 metals, 2
non-metals, and 1 metalloid on the PT that you chose for the question above. If you chose a
multivalent element, pick one oxidation number.
7. Pick one of the elements from the questions above and draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram of the atom
and its ion.
8. Explain how the Periodic Table is arranged (is it atomic mass, # of protons, density, state, etc?).
9. Locate 5 chemical families on the PT, and compare/contrast their physical & chemical properties.
Which families tend to form compounds? Which families are unreactive? Why?
10. How many atoms of each element are in the following compounds:
a) C3H8
c) Pb(NO3)2
e) Sn(SO4) 3
b) 6H2O
d) 2Fe(OH)3
f) 4Al(ClO3)3
11. How are ionic compounds different than molecular compounds?
12. Why did you learn about the mnemonic HOFBrINCl? What does it have to do with nomenclature
(naming & determining chemical formulas)?
13. What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? Why is it significant when writing chemical equations?
14. Give the chemical formula for the following compounds:
a) silver carbide
f) aluminum oxide
k) potassium cyanide
b) dinitrogen tetraoxide
g) dihydrogen monosulfide
l) gold (III) nitrate
c) magnesium chlorate
h) nickel (II) bromide
m) carbonic acid
d) titanium (IV) sulfide
i) phosphoric acid
n) magnesium hydroxide
e) sodium phosphate
j) cupric sulfate
o) calcium chloride
15. Which of the compounds above were examples of each of the following types of compounds: (binary)
ionic, multivalent, polyatomic, and/or molecular? Yes, some may be examples of more than 1 type.
16. Name the following compounds:
a) ZnI2
c) N2O
e) P2Br5
g) NaHCO3
b) Be(NO3)2
d) H2SO4
f) Sn(ClO3)2
h) Li3PO4
17. Balance the following chemical equations:
a) NH3 (g)  N2 (g) + H2 (g)
e) Mg(ClO3)2 (aq) + K (s)  KClO3 (aq) + Mg (s)
b) CH4 (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
f) Na (s) + S (s)  Na2S (s)
c) AlBr3 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq)  KBr (s) + Al2SO4 (aq)
g) H2SO4 (aq) + B(OH)3 (aq)  B2(SO4)3 (s) + H2O (l)
d) Fe (s) + O2 (g)  Fe2O3 (s)
h) Al (s) + HCl (aq)  AlCl3 (aq) + H2 (g)
18. Identify what type of reaction each equation above is: synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single
displacement, double displacement.
19. Challenge: Choose 3 of the chemical equations from above and give the chemical names of each
compound in the equation.
20. What type of reaction does the Activity Series have to do with? Explain to a classmate what the
activity series is, and how to use it.
21. If you have an alkaline-earth metal “A” combine with a halogen “B”, what will be the resulting
chemical formula? Use your knowledge of the # of valence electrons of alkaline-earth metals and
halogens to answer this question.
22. Give 3 examples of how elements & compounds can be extremely useful in industry and other real
life situations, but can also be hazardous to a person’s health or the environment.
23. What is pH? What are the ranges of the pH scale?
24. What is the pH range of an acid? Of a base? Of a neutral substance?
25. How are acids & bases different in terms of physical properties? Chemical properties?
26. Give 2 common examples of acids (one strong, one weak), 2 of bases, and 2 neutral solutions.
27. What is a pH indicator? What do they do? Give examples of 2 synthetic indicators and 1 natural
indicator that you used in experiments in class.
28. In an acid-base neutralization reaction, what is produced? What type of reaction is this of the 5 we
studied (see Q #18 if you need to be refreshed on the different types).
29. Write a balanced chemical equation for when solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
combine in a neutralization reaction (use your answer from the question for the products).
30. Give an example of how knowledge of pH can solve at least 1 environmental issue.
Unit 2: Biology
31. Name 8 organelles found in animal and/or plant cells and state their function.
32. Choose 5 of the organelles from above and draw analogies to structures or people at a school like
ADHS. Explain how each structure or group of people perform the same function as the organelle.
33. Name 4 basic rules that you should follow when using a microscope.
34. Name 4 parts on a microscope and state the function of each.
35. What is DNA? Where is it located in all cells? Name the 3 main structures that compose DNA.
36. Which nitrogenous bases pair up? If 1 strand of DNA is composed of 10% guanine, what
percentages are the other bases? 20% thymine?
37. How do we get so much variety between people if all humans are composed of only 4 different
bases?
38. What does diffusion have to do with a cell?
39. Explain what the acronym IPMATC has to do with cell division.
40. Which part of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time in? Name 2 important things that
happen during this phase.
41. Sketch the 4 phases of mitosis of a plant or animal cell. Write a sentence to explain the major events
happening during each phase.
42. What is cytokinesis? What happens during cytokinesis?
43. Give 2 reasons why it is important for cells to remain small.
44. What is a mutation? Are they always bad? Give an example.
45. What is a tumour? How is a tumour related to a mutation? Are tumours always bad?
46. What is a transgenic or genetically modified organism? Give 3 examples of GMOs, at least 1
example being a plant and 1an animal.
47. How does cloning work? Think basic steps. Is it a natural and/or artificial process?
48. Why is there so much controversy surrounding stem cell research?
49. Name the 3 types of tissues found in plants from the outside of the plant, inwards.
50. What are the 3 plant organs you learned about in class? Challenge: name the 4th plant organ that
only some plants have.
51. Name the 2 organ systems that exist in plants.
52. Name the 4 types of animal tissues and give an example of where each would be found in the human
body.
53. How does oxygen-poor blood from your legs become oxygenated again? Trace the path of blood
from your legs, through the heart, and back towards your legs.
54. Name 6 organ systems in the human body and give the main function of each.
55. Choose 2 systems from the question above and explain how the 2 are related to each other, i.e. how
they work together to ensure the human body is functioning properly (aka maintaining homeostasis).
List as many organs as possible that make up each system.
56. Which medical technology you learned about would be most appropriate to examine a fetus? What
about detect a broken bone? Take pictures of the brain? Diagnose an ulcer? Look for a blockage in
the heart?
Unit 3: Light & Optics
57. dd
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Unit 4: Climate Change
59. State the difference between weather and climate.
60. Almost all weather patterns are influenced by what large, important object?
61. What causes seasons on Earth?
62. Why do people living at the equator have more intense sunlight than people like us living in more
northern or southern latitudes?
63. Name 3 natural aspects of Earth’s structure that affect climate where people live.
64. Name 3 ways (systems) used to classify climate as discussed in class. How do they compare to
climatographs?
65. What are the 3 ways that heat is transferred? Which do we discuss most often when talking about
weather and climate?
66. What is the greenhouse effect (GHE)? How does it relate to global warming?
67. Name 4 examples of greenhouse gases. Which ones are a result of natural processes, and which
ones are from artificial (human) ones?
68. What are prevailing winds? What do they influence/ work together with to help disperse heat around
the globe? Think hydrosphere.
69. Define albedo in simple terms. Is a higher or lower albedo more desirable to reduce the GHE? Does
water have a high or low albedo? What about ice & snow?
70. Explain why a large body of water like a lake is an example of a heat sink.
71. What does the word anthropogenic mean in simple terms?
72. What is a carbon footprint? How does it differ from a carbon offset? Give 2 examples of carbon
offsets.
73. How does glacial ice affect people & animals living in the North? How does increasing sea levels
affect people closer to the equator like Bangladesh?
74. Ozone
Unit 3: Climate Change
What are the following? Why are they important with regards to climate change?
1. Earth’s 4 spheres
2. natural greenhouse effect, anthropogenic greenhouse effect, deforestation, desertification, desalination,
drought, global warming, albedo, heat capacity
3. examples of greenhouse gases, why they’re called greenhouse gases
4. affect of Industrial Revolution on climate change
5. phytoplankton
6. types of heat transfer
7. winds
8. distribution of how solar radiation is absorbed on Earth
9. sources, stores, and sinks of greenhouse gases
10. methods of classifying climate
11. anthropogenic sources of global warming
12. how each sphere is affected by global warming and human activities
13. phenomena/activities that increase the greenhouse effect, things that decrease it
14. proxy records
15. positive and negative feedback loops
16. ocean currents
17. stratospheric ozone, problems with it, contributors to decreased O 3
18. ways to decrease greenhouse gases
19. strategies to decrease the anthropogenic greenhouse effect
20. initiatives to slow climate change
21. carbon footprint, ways to decrease it
Unit 4: Light & Optics
Review and practice the following.
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electromagnetic spectrum, types of radiation
types of light emissions, how they produce visible light
colours in the visible spectrum
properties of light
laws of reflection
angle of incidence, angle of reflection, incident ray, reflected ray, PA, C, F, f, normal
how to draw ray diagrams, and use LOST to describe the image that forms
types of mirrors
using the mirror equation and magnification equation to calculate do, di, ho, hi, and magnification
image characteristics in all 3 types of mirrors depending on how far the object is from the mirror
dispersion, prisms
refraction, conditions for refraction to occur
speed light travels in a vacuum
how light behaves when moving from one medium to another
indices of refraction
partial refraction, partial refraction
critical angle and total internal reflection, criteria that must be satisfied for TIF to occur
application of total internal reflection
optical phenomena that happen in nature, use optics to explain them
types of lenses
using the thin lens equation and magnification equation to calculate do, di, ho, hi, and magnification
image characteristics in both types of lenses depending on how far the object is from the lens
practical examples of lenses
common vision problems, how they can be corrected
optical technologies that are used in everyday life, how they work, how they’re useful to humans