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5. Blood Vessels 1. (a) Blood moves towards the heart in veins. Describe how blood is moved through veins. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (3) (b) Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding body tissues. Give two structural features of a capillary that enable it to exchange materials rapidly between the blood and the surrounding body tissues. 1 .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 6 marks) 2. The diagram below shows cross-sections of three different types of blood vessel, A, B and C. A B 5 mm (a) C 5 mm 0.005 mm Name the blood vessels A and B. A ............................................................................................................................... B ............................................................................................................................... (1) AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health: Topic 1: Lifestyle health and Risk 1 5. Blood Vessels (b) State two ways in which blood vessel C is adapted to enable the formation of tissue fluid. 1 ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... (2) (c) Give one function of tissue fluid. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… (1) (d) When tissue fluid is not efficiently reabsorbed, it collects in tissues causing swelling (oedema). Suggest one factor that could cause oedema. ……………………………………………….……………………………………… ……………………………………………….……………………………………… (1) (Total 5 marks) 3. (a) Describe three structural differences between arteries and veins. Arteries Veins 1 2 3 (3) (b) Suggest why arteries are more likely than veins to develop atherosclerosis. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (1) AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health: Topic 1: Lifestyle health and Risk 2 5. Blood Vessels (c) The diagram below shows how tissue fluid is formed from blood plasma. Describe and explain how fluid is forced out of the capillaries to form tissue fluid at the arterial end of the capillary. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (d) (i) Give one reason why fluid might accumulate within the tissues and cause swelling. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Name this type of swelling in the tissues. ........................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 8 marks) AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health: Topic 1: Lifestyle health and Risk 3 5. Blood Vessels 4. (a) Blood vessels can be distinguished by their structure. The table shows some structural features for three blood vessels P, Q and R. Structural feature P Q R Endothelium present Small lumen relative to the thickness of the walls Many elastic fibres present Valves present Identify the blood vessels P, Q and R. P .................................................................................................................................. Q .................................................................................................................................. R .................................................................................................................................. (3) (b) The diagram below shows changes in blood pressure as blood flows from the arteries to the veins. 12 A Blood pressure / kPa 10 8 6 4 B 2 0 ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VENULES VEINS direction of blood flow through circulation The blood pressure at point A is 10.5 kPa and the blood pressure at point B is 2.5 kPa. Calculate the percentage decrease in the pressure as blood flows from A to B. Answer ............................ kPa (2) AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health: Topic 1: Lifestyle health and Risk 4 5. Blood Vessels (c) Explain the changes in blood pressure (i) in the arteries ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (ii) in the capillaries. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 7 marks) 5. The diagram below shows a transverse section of a blood vessel, as seen using low magnification of a light microscope. A (a) Name the type of blood vessel shown in the diagram. ..................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) The layer labelled A contains smooth muscle fibres, collagen and elastic fibres. (i) Name layer A. ........................................................................................................................... (1) AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health: Topic 1: Lifestyle health and Risk 5 5. Blood Vessels (ii) Describe the function of the collagen fibres. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (c) The diagrams below show the single blood circulatory system of a fish and the double circulatory system of a mammal. Mammal Lungs Fish Tissues Gills Heart Tissues Heart KEY Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Suggest why a double circulatory system is an advantage to a mammal. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 6 marks) AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health: Topic 1: Lifestyle health and Risk 6