Download Revision Booklet Mark Scheme

Selby College
Page 1
Selby College
M1.(agility) – the ability to change direction / body position quickly
Needs reference to direction and speed
(important) – recover position after a shot / adjust movement around the court or
equiv.
Must refer to agility not speed or reaction time
[2]
M2. Any two from – stamina / strength / muscular endurance / speed / power / flexibility
Also accept cardiovascular fitness / cardio respiratory
endurance / aerobic capacity as an equivalent for stamina
Stamina – due to the extended duration of the game / last for a whole game without
tiring
Accept first 2 answers only
Sub-max 1
All examples given must relate to badminton, in context
Do not accept definitions
Strength – to be able to hit the shuttle to the back of the court / hit with force / harder
/ appropriate shot example
C and F need to be different examples
Muscular endurance – to play repeated shots during a rally / game
Emphasis is on repeated
Speed – to move quickly to another area of the court
Power – to play a smash shot / overhead clear / long serve / shot as quick as
possible
Shots requiring strength which are played at speed
Flexibility – to be able to reach the shuttle / playing shots with correct technique / full
range of movement to play the shot
[3]
M3.Maintaining / keeping stable at equilibrium
Required terms
Centre of gravity / mass over base of support;
Required terms
Static or Dynamic.
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[2]
M4.(i)
Strength × speed / combination of strength and speed.
Amount of work / force performed per unit of time.
1
(ii)
A
Agility – changing direction / body position quickly to move to different
area of the court.
B
Balance – remain stable during shot.
need to mention coordination of 2 or more body parts
C
Co-ordination – hand and eye to hit the ball.
D
Reaction time – quick reaction to return the ball.
need to refer to quick movement
E
Speed – Moving quickly to the net.
accept first answer only
does not require specific shot / skill to be awarded the mark
accept suitable applied examples linked to tennis
do not accept definitions
1
[2]
(i)
Fitness – cope / meet everyday demands of the environment and health –
complete social, mental and physical well-being.
Both phrases required 2 / 3 terms for health.
M5.
1
(ii)
Can be unhealthy / get cold / flu / injury / and unable to train / fitness declines.
Need to link decreased fitness because of ill-health.
Can be unhealthy but able to train and fitness can still improve.
Need to link increased fitness despite ill-health.
2
[3]
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Selby College
M6.
(i)
Agility / balance / co-cordination / reaction time.
First two answers only
1
(ii)
Strength / power / speed / flexibility.
First two answers only
1
[2]
M7.
(i)
2 marks for two of :
First two answers.
Height and weight / mass.
Accept kg and m.
Weight divided Height2 / squared.
Accept Kg / m2.
Just this point = 2 marks.
2
(ii)
Limits stamina / endurance / cardiovascular / cardio-respiratory endurance.
Not other fitness components.
Accept accurate definitions of components.
Limits flexibility / mobility;
Limits agility / speed / power;
Causes cancer / heart disease / heart attacks / diabetes / high cholesterol / high fats
/ high lipids in blood / atherosclerosis / (osteo)arthritis / high blood pressure /
hypertension / stroke / lung disease / liver disease / gall bladder disease
/ gout / (deep vein)thrombosis / psychosocial problems / depression.
Any relevant technical word.
2
[4]
M8.
Explosive strength – rapid / maximal / forceful / powerful contraction / equiv;
First answer only
Static strength – holding position / isometric / equiv;
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Selby College
Needs name and description of movement.
Not power / not dynamic as types of strength.
[2]
M9.
(i)
Ability to delay the onset of fatigue / equiv / important because game lasts
more than 20 mins / length of match / equiv.
1
(ii)
4 marks for 4 of :
Stamina reduced by:
Smoking – reduces lung / oxygen transport capacity;
Lack of exercise – reduces stamina;
Diet – overweight / obese – extra tissue;
Alcohol – damages heart / affects concentration.
Sub max 3 marks
Stamina increased by:
Not smoking – improved breathing;
Training – improved fitness;
Care with diet – correct weight;
No alcohol – remain alert;
Cycle / walk to work / walk upstairs.
4
[5]
M10.Increased body temperature / overheating
Reduced sweating / reduce blood flow to skin
Increased blood viscosity / blood becomes thicker / reduction in blood plasma
Increased heart rate / cardiovascular drift
Lower blood pressure
Lower cardiac output / stroke volume / venous return
Transportation of oxygen / carbon dioxide less efficient
Loss of electrolytes / possible cramp
Headaches / dizziness / fainting
Do not accept dehydrated as hydration is in the question
stem
[3]
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Selby College
M11.
3 marks for 3 of :
First two food groups only
Carbohydrates / glucose / sugar;
Do not accept carbs.
Fats / lipids / triglycerides
Do not accept protein.
Energy / ATP / respiration
Do not accept fuel.
[3]
M12.
Do not credit different foods – e.g. sugars / meats / fruits / vegetables etc
How (sub max 2) Why
Extra calories /
carbohydrates /
fats
Carbohydrates /
fats for energy /
respiration / ATP
resynthesis;
Extra protein;
Protein for
muscle growth
and repair /
development /
equiv
Extra vitamins
and minerals;
Vitamins and
minerals for
higher
metabolism /
muscle nerve
functioning /
tissue growth /
energy release
from foods / equiv
Fluid / water to
avoid dehydration
/ replace losses
Extra fluid / water
through sweating
/ temperature
regulation
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Selby College
accept carbs.
Accept named vitamin and mineral.
Calories / carbohydrates / fats / protein / vitamins / minerals /
fluid / water - requires more / higher.
Assume correct order – more fats plus more proteins for
energy and growth = 4 marks.
Accept opposites if talking about untrained.
[4]
M13.
(i)
2 marks for 2 of :
Used as an energy source;
Contains fat-soluble vitamins / essential fatty acids;
Acts as insulator;
Slow release / low intensity.
2
(ii)
3 marks for 3 of :
Heart disease / heart attacks;
Diabetes;
High blood pressure;
High cholesterol / fats / lipids in blood / atherosclerosis;
Stroke;
Lung disease;
Liver / gall bladder disease;
(Oesteo) arthritis;
Gout;
Cancer;
(Deep vein) thrombosis;
Psychosocial problems / depression.
3
[5]
M14.
2 marks for 2 of :
Vit K / folic acid / Vit B12 / iron – helps production of red blood cells / haemoglobin;
Calcium / phosphorus / Vit D for bones;
Calcium / magnesium for muscle contraction;
Vit B2 / niacin / phosphorus / sodium / iron – energy metabolism;
Potassium / sodium / calcium – nerve transmission.
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Selby College
[2]
M15.Yes
A
B
C
D
No
E
F
G
H
I
Energy source / slow release of energy.
Important to last duration of the match (3 / 5 sets) / longer time.
sub max 3 marks
Transport / storage of (fat soluble) vitamins.
Source of vitamins / named vitamins e.g. A / D / E / K.
do not have to name all vitamins
Gain weight / excess body fat / risk of obesity.
Limit stamina / cardiovascular fitness / fatigue more quickly.
Reduce flexibility / movement / speed / agility.
accept suitable example within a match
Overheat.
not just ‘gets hotter’
Coronary heart diseases / diabetes / high blood pressure / atherosclerosis or
any other health related disease.
‘heart problems’ too vague
[5]
M16.(i)
As hydrogen carbonate ions / bicarbonate ions (HCO3) / combines with water / carbonic
acid (H2CO3)
Do not accept terms on their own ie plasma
Combined with haemoglobin / carbaminohaemoglobin
Accept equivalent words to combined, eg attached, joined
(Dissolved) in plasma
2
(ii)
Inspiration
Must indicate inspiration / expiration and rest / during
exercise
Rest – external intercostal muscles / diaphragm contracts / flattens
During exercise – sternocleidomastoid / scalenes / pectoralis minor contract
During exercise – allows thoracic cavity to increase in size / lungs to expand
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Selby College
more / greater pressure difference / to lift ribcage higher
Do not accept improved gaseous exchange as in question.
Must imply greater / more / higher
Sub-max 3 marks
Expiration
Rest – external intercostal muscles / diaphragm relax
Rest – passive process
During exercise – internal intercostal / abdominals contract
Pulls ribcage down faster to force air out more quickly
Do not accept improved gaseous exchange as in question.
Must imply faster / quicker.
During exercise – becomes active process
Sub-max 3 marks
4
[6]
M17.Tidal volume – increases
Inspiratory reserve volume – decreases
Expiratory reserve volume – decreases
Accept equivalents to increase and decrease
[3]
M18.Process of diffusion – high concentration / partial pressure to low / down a diffusion
gradient
Diffusion explained
Requires thin / permeable membranes / short distance
Only if one or more of these present
High pO2 in blood / low pO2 in muscles and oxygen moves into muscles
Accept concentration as equiv to pO2
Accept capillaries, blood vessels, etc
Low pCO2 in blood / high pCO2 in muscles and carbon dioxide moves into blood
Accept concentration as equiv to pO2
Accept capillaries, blood vessels, etc
Oxygen into myoglobin / (disassociates) from haemoglobin
Carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma / combines with haemoglobin / forms bicarbonate ion
[4]
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Selby College
M19.(i)
Nerve impulses to respiratory (control) centre / medulla / autonomic nervous system;
Do not accept RCC
Phrenic / sympathetic nerve / impulses to breathing muscles
Diaphragm / intercostal muscles;
Deeper breathing / increase tidal volume;
Do not accept ‘Faster breathing’ as is in question
Use of sternocleidomastoid / scalenes / pectoralis minor / rectus abdominus
muscles
3
(ii)
Difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood / how much
O2 is extracted and used by muscles;
Sub max 1 mark
More oxygen is extracted by the muscles / lungs;
Needs eq – accept needed / used by muscles
Oxygen is used / needed for energy / ATP production / respiration;
2
[5]
M20.
Detected by chemoreceptors (in carotid arteries / aortic arch / medulla).
Equiv of detected required.
Nerve impulses / message to respiratory control centre in / medulla of brain.
Equiv of messages / information required – Do NOT accept
RCC.
Nervous output to breathing muscles / via Phrenic / sympathetic nerve.
Equiv of connection to breathing muscles – Do NOT accept
SNS.
Increased rate of contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Increased / equiv required.
[3]
M21.(i)
A
Tidal (Volume)
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B
Expiratory Reserve (Volume)
C
Residual (Volume)
do not accept any other terms
accept first answer only
3
(ii)
Volume B (Expiratory Reserve Volume)
A
Decrease / get smaller.
Volume C (Residual Volume)
B
Stay the same / remain unchanged / no effect.
do not accept ‘get closer together’ as the question refers to
the volume not the trace
2
[5]
M22.
Alveolar / muscle and capillary membranes identified.
Sub max 1 mark
Requires thin membranes / one cell thick.
Eq of thin required
Requires short distance between membranes / moist / (semi) permeable / short diffusion
pathway.
Eq of short required
[2]
M23.A
Haemoglobin in the blood / red blood cells.
B
Myoglobin in the muscle.
A&B must state substance and location
B accept ‘to the mitochondria’
B Not ‘stores’ as question refers to transportation.
C
Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen / haemoglobin has a lower affinity
for oxygen.
[2]
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Selby College
M24.Veins:
First two answers
Thinner muscle / elastic tissue layer Valves
Wider lumen / diameter
Blood at low pressure
Not just thinner
[2]
M25.
(i)
C
Accept first answer only
1
(ii)
(Thick) Elastic walls.
(Small) lumen.
(Smooth) muscle layer.
Required terms
Carrying blood away from the heart / to tissues / muscles.
‘Carry oxygenated blood’ is incorrect because not completely
true, but ‘carry oxygenated blood away’ is correct because
direction given.
Cushion and smooth out / recoil / pulse / withstand pumping action / pressure
/ velocity from heart.
3
[4]
M26.
Increased metabolic activity / increased carbon dioxide / increased lactic acid / drop
in pH in the blood / increased acidity.
Detected by chemoreceptors.
Message to medulla / vasomotor control centre.
Autonomic / sympathetic system / adrenaline / noradrenaline produced.
Pre-capillary sphincters / arterioles.
Vasoconstriction – to organs.
Vasodilation – to muscles.
[3]
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Selby College
M27.(i)
Increase in CO2 levels / acidity / decrease in O2 levels / pH / chemoreceptors
Terms need explaining
Movement of joints / tendons / mechanoreceptors / proprioceptors
Vasomotor centre / medulla
Autonomic / sympathetic nervous system / (nor) adrenaline
Pre-capillary sphincters / rings of circular / smooth muscle
Vasodilation to areas needing blood / muscles
Vasoconstriction of areas not needing so much blood / kidneys / liver / gut
Term and location
3
(ii)
Brain function maintained during exercise
Brain active / working = OK
Oxygen / nutrients required
2
(iii)
During exercise, less blood goes to the gut / change from 1250 cm3 to 375 cm3
Credit use of table to suggest reduced gut blood
But, blood / oxygen needed in gut for digestion of food
‘Unable to digest food’ is incorrect
Less blood / oxygen available to muscles
2
[7]
M28.
(i)
In muscle.
Required term is muscle
Stores / supplies / carries oxygen.
2
(ii)
Sub max 3 marks
Increase in (blood / body) temperature.
Increase / eq required
Increase in blood carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2).
Increase / eq required
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Selby College
Increase in blood acidity / increase in hydrogen ions / decrease in pH.
Increase / eq required
Bohr shift.
Required term
Resulting in less saturation / reduced affinity of haemoglobin with oxygen.
Sub max 2 marks
An increase in oxygen release / oxyhaemoglobin dissociation to muscles /
muscles receive more O2.
4
[6]
M29.
Muscle / skeletal pump / respiratory pump / suction pump;
One-way / pocket valves in veins / give direction.
must link valves with location or direction
Contraction of leg muscles compresses veins;
Breathing mechanism / inspiration increases pressure compresses veins;
Suction pressure of heart / heart draws up blood.
[3]
M30.A
Increase in heart rate due to / and a decrease in stroke volume / ejection fraction.
do not accept abbreviations – SV, Q, HR
B
Occurs after 10 minutes.
C
Warm environmental conditions.
D
Caused by a reduction of fluid in the blood / plasma / blood volume / increase
in sweating/ blood more viscous.
E
Venous return decreases / blood pumped back to heart decreases / reduced
atrial filling.
F
Aims to cool the body (by maintaining cardiac output).
reason for increase in cardiac output explained.
[3]
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Selby College
M31.A
Lower exercising heart rate for any given load / greater heart range.
do not accept definitions must be effects during exercise.
B
Stroke volume increases / amount of blood ejected per beat increases.
C
Increase in ejection fraction / increase strength of contraction.
D
Maximal cardiac output increases.
E
Cardiac muscle has lower demands for oxygen during exercise.
[2]
M32.(i)
Increase in heart rate prior to exercise caused by (the release) of adrenaline.
Accept alternatives to prior to, eg before.
Must have all 3 points for mark
1
(ii)
Chemoreceptors – detect increase in blood acidity / decrease in pH / increase
in CO2 / increase in Hydrogen ion concentration / H+
Accept equivalent words to increase and decrease, eg more
and less
Must state the receptor and the role
Proprioceptors / mechanoreceptors – detect movement / muscular
contractions
Must state function not location
Must state the receptor and the role
Baroreceptors – detect decrease in blood pressure
Must state the receptor and the role
Impulses sent to cardiac control centre / medulla (oblongata)
Do not accept CCC
Increase in impulses to the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system /
cardiac accelerator nerve
D and E Accept messages and information in relation to
impulses
3
[4]
M33.(i)
Correct numbers (70 × 70) / written equation Q = SV × HR;
Formula or maths
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Selby College
Correct units – (4900) mls / min or (4900) mls.min – 1 or (49) dm3 / min or (49)
dm3.min-1 or (49) L / min or (49) L.min– 1
Units
2
(ii)
Increased venous return;
Do not accept ‘more blood back to heart’
Greater diastolic filling / preload;
Cardiac muscle stretched / elastic;
Greater / stronger / more powerful / force of contraction;
Increased ejection fraction;
Do not accept ‘increase stroke volume’ – in question
3
[5]
M34.
Blood’s acidity increases / pH lowers.
Eq = more hydrogen ions / H+.
Caused by more carbon dioxide being produced.
needs more / increased.
This is detected by chemoreceptors.
needs idea of detect.
Nerve messages are sent to the medulla (oblongata) / cardiac (control) centre.
Needs idea of communication with medulla.
CCC too vague .
Sympathetic nervous impulses are sent.
To the Sino-Atrio node / SAN/SA node.
Decrease in parasympathetic / vagus nerve impulses.
Needs idea of decrease / less vagus impulses.
[4]
M35.
Blood’s acidity increases / pH lowers.
Eq = more hydrogen ions / H+.
Caused by more carbon dioxide being produced.
needs more / increased.
This is detected by chemoreceptors.
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Selby College
needs idea of detect.
Nerve messages are sent to the medulla (oblongata) / cardiac (control) centre.
Needs idea of communication with medulla.
CCC too vague .
Sympathetic nervous impulses are sent.
To the Sino-Atrio node / SAN/SA node.
Decrease in parasympathetic / vagus nerve impulses.
Needs idea of decrease / less vagus impulses.
[4]
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