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Chapter 8 – The Byzantine Empire
Section 1
What does “Byzantine” mean?
The word Byzantine comes from the city of Byzantium, which was chosen as
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. The name of the city was changed to
Constantinople in honor of its founder, Constantine.
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Western Roman Empire (Diocletian) was led by once emperor
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Eastern Roman Empire (Maximian) was led by 2
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Civil Wars broke out
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Constantine the 1st rose and then died
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East: Maximian – Constantine the 1st – Constantine the Great
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Constantine moved the whole city of Rome to Constantinople which
brought money and power to the Eastern Empire
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Following the Rule of 16 Emperors, Theodosius is the Last Reign over
a United Empire
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The Vandals, Huns and Ostrogoths pushed the Visigoths into the
Roman Empire
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The Visigoths rebelled against Roman oppression and eventually
captured Rome
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Attila the Hun moves into Gaul (France), and is defeated in battle by
the Visigoths and Romans
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With the Western Empire weakened, the Ostrogoths eventually
overthrow the last of the Western Roman Emperors
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Germanic Tribes in the West Byzantine Empire in east
Justinian
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Ruled as Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from A.D. 527 to 565
Political
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Centralized and efficient government
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Skilled, well-paid, and therefore loyal officials
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Shrewd diplomacy (arranged marriages between Byzantine
and foreign leaders)
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Intrigues
Military
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Effective control of the empire’s frontiers (borders)
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Soldiers were rewarded with land grants
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Soldeiers were highly and uniformly trained
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Developed a navy, used flammable liquid called “Greek Fire” to
put other ships on fire (to this day, the secret of how they
manufactured Greek Fire is unknown)
Economic
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During the split of the Roman Empire, the wealth shifted form
west to east
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Constantinople was strategically located at the connecting
point between Asia and Europe
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Thriving agriculture and manufacturing systems
Large tax revenues
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Between A.D. 527 and 565, Justinian recaptured much of the former
Western Empire of Rome
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After Justinian’s death, much of that land was lost to Barbarian and
Germanic Tribes
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
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They were very strong but still persecuted
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Stable, Healthy, and Growing
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Most important leaders (patriarchs)
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Christian Church during the Byzantine Era resided in these cities:
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Rome
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Constantinople
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Antioch
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Jerusalem
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Alexandria
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The church continues to grow, it was natural for leaders to emerge
who managed increasingly larger segments of the Church
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The patriarchs of Rome and Constantinople became the most
prominent of these leaders
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Eventually the Patriarch of Rome, now referred to as a Pope (from the
Latin word “papas” or “father”), became the sole leader of the Church in
Rome-the “capital” of the Western Empire
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However, the Byzantines (Eastern Empire) and leaders of
Constantinople did not recognize the Roman Pope’s authority.
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First church split happened now and continued to split
THE ICON CONTROVERSY
Icons
THE CHURCH IN CONSTANTINOPLE
Iconoclasts
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In 726, Emperor Leo the 3rd of Constantinople, an iconoclast,
outlawed the worship of icons
THE CHURCH IN ROME
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In opposition to Emperor Leo the 3rd’s decree that icons were
to be banned, the Pope in Rome summoned a council of bishops in
A.D. 787 and declared that opposition to icons was heresy and
iconoclasts would be excommunicated from the Church
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The Christian Church officially split in A.D. 1054.
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The Church split into the Roman Catholic Church (west, Rome)
and Eastern Orthodox Church (east, Constantinople)
BYZANTINE CULTURE
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Preserved the culture and laws of the former Roman Empire
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In order to reach people in central and northern Europe with the
Gospel, Byzantine missionaries developed an alphabet that eventually turned
into the Cyrillic alphabet used by Russia today
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Art and architecture were focused on religion
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One of the greatest architectural masterpieces of the world was the
church of Hagia Sophia (“holy wisdom”)
THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
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Saljuq Turks (Muslims) start moving south into Constantinople
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Constantinople call Rome and ask for help and then the first Crusade
happens
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Pope realized the Constantinople are weak and take over
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Ottoman Turks come in and defeat Constantinople
Section 2
THE RISE OF RUSSIA
FIND MAD OF RUSSIA IN BOOK!
KIEVAN RUSSIA IS NORTH OF CONSTANTINOPLE AND ROME
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Rus, Slavs, Vikings are important people in Russia
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Slavs (Eastern, Western, Southern Slavics) are migratory warrior like
people, settle east of Europe and then move south to try to take over
Constantinople
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Vikings come from the north, Norway, Netherland, Sweden. They
begin to push south as the Slavs move south, and developed a trade route
from Lake Ladoga to the Black Sea.
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Novgorod, Kiev are places along the trade route that start to become
very big
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Kiev becomes capital of Kievan Rus
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Russians are hardy people because they took hard land and made it
valuable
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Rurik – first prince of the Rus People
Kievan Russia
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Located on the primary Viking trade route, the city of Kiev prospers
and eventually becomes the capital of Russia (A.D. 879-1169)
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Although the rulers of other cities paid taxes to the Prince of Kiev, for
the most part they remained semi-independent depending on the power of
the Kievan Prince at the time
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Early local governments were ruled by a Prince and a council of
boyars (nobles)
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Town hall meetings, were called veches, were used to settle matters of
importance
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A great period in Kievan Russia’s history came during the reign of
YAROSLAV THE 1ST (Yaroslav the Wise), who ruled from A.D. 1019-1054
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Yaroslav the Wise issued Russia’s first law code, known as the Pravda
Russkaia
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Although Greek missionaries had carried the Gospel to Kievan Russia
by the Time A.D. 800s, Christianity did not take root until the 980s, when
Vladimis the 1st of Kiev invited representatives from various faiths to his
boyar council to explain why people should convert to their religion
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Vladimir the 1st sent envoys to various locations to witness Christian
services
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They were UNIMPRESSED with the ROMAN CATHOLIC services in
Germany, but IMPRESSED by the ritual and ideology of the ORTHODOX
church services in Constantinople (at the Hagia Sophia)
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The Orthodox church services, as well as Vladimir’s desire to marry
the Byzantine Emperor’s sister Anna, and the fact that the Orthodox church
allowed the consumption of alcohol (Muslim churches did not), compelled
Vladimir to convert to Christianity and to decree that ALL Kievan Russians be
baptized as Christians and destroy all pagan idols
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This put the Partiarch of the church in Constantinople in a
tremendous position of authority in Kievan Russia. He chose the chief bishop,
or metropolitan, of the Kievan Charch
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By the time the Christian Church split in A.D. 1054, the Kievan Church
had become fully associated with the Orthodox Church
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Icon painting became the most distinctive Kievan art form, keeping
the subject in two-dimensions rather than three
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They believed the second of the Ten Commandments (“You shall not
make a carved image for yourself”) prohibited them from depicting figures in
three dimensions
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A strong agricultural economy, and good trade with other countries’
regions, resulted in economic prosperity for Kievan Russia
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Social classes were fairly straightforward:
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Local Princes and their families
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Boyars – “Nobles”
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Artisans, Merchants and Clergy
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Peasants
Section 3
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THE RISE OF THE MONGOLS
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After the rule of Yaroslav the Wise ended in A.D. 1054, the same year
the Christian Church split, Kiev declined in wealth and power. Kievan rulers
gave their younger sons outlying towns to rule as independent principalities
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These young princes and their descendants fought amongst
themselves in an attempt to expand their own territories
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Kiev’s trade further declined because of raids by the Polovtsians
(Turks) and competing Italian trade routes. As some of the young princes
attacked Kiev again and again, the city’s financial strength was gone. In this
state of weakness, the Mongols invaded.
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The Mongols continues westward across the Carpathian Mountains,
into Hungary and Poland. Although Hungary and Poland were badly
plundered, they escaped long-term domination by the Mongols who
controlled Kievan Russia until the late 1400s
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The Mongols did not try to impose their way of life on the Slavic
people of Eastern Europe – they only wanted to collect wealth through
taxation. However, the Mongols influence still existed, as they built important
roads, and improved methods of taxation and communication
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The Mongols brought stability out of ciaos without imposing
their way of life
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Some conflicts during this time set the stage for much of the current
state of affairs in Russia and Eastern Europe:
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Eastern Slavs had little contact with central and western
Europe, and remained religiously aligned with the Orthodox Church
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Lithuania and Poland won territory from the northwestern
region of Kievan Russia
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Poland converted to Roman Catholicism
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Eastern Slavs remained very suspicious of western Europeans
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Over time, Mongol rule began to decline. Kievan princes in the area
continued to be independent, and one of them, Prince Ivan the 1st,
cooperated with the Mongols and made his city, Moscow, a very strong city.
Eventually, the Metropolitan of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Kiev moved
his operations to Moscow
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By the time of Ivan the 3rd (“Ivan the Great”), Moscow was so
powerful that in 1480 he overthrew the Mongols, united many of the
independent principalities, and emerged as the first ruler of the independent
nation called Russia.
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Later when Ivan the 4th (“Ivan the Terrible”) came of age (he was
crowned ruler when he was 3 years old) declared himself the heir of the
Roman and Byzantine Empires and took the title czar (“Caesar”). His
arguments with boyars led to the formation of a person army called the
oprinchniki.
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During this time, the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia continued to
operate and grow. By 1500 the Church owned a significant portion of all the
cultivated land, and Russians came to believe that Christianity came to Russia
directly from the Apostle Andrew.
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After Constantinople fell to the Turks, the Russians proudly
proclaimed Moscow the “Third Rome”
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Test
Go over notes
Go through book and learn the “Story” of chapter 8
4 questions on map –mountains
Know everything!!!!
3 sections
Kieven Russia
Rise of Moscow
Byzantine empire
How and Why questions!!!
Section 1
How did the Byzatine empire come about
Know who the leadership was and what did they do to be successful
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Know a lot about Justinian
Know strengths and weaknesses
Know controversy about the Icons
Know what’s going on in church
Know why the church split
Section 2
All Ivans
Yaroslav
Know who Vladimer
Section 3
Hardest Section
Mongols
Know why Moscow was the greatest and how it came about
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Conceptual thinking
Mostly about KIeven Russia
Stick with the basics
Know Moguls and Vikings
Little bit about Ivan the forth
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Tips
Read book and ask your self why this happened and what it influenced
No fill ins!!
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