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Exp # (1) Introduction to OrCAD ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Objectives: • To Be familiar with the Orcad simulation. • To be familiar with types of analysis in Orcad program. • To make analysis to some examples on each analysis. Equipments: Computer – Orcad software program. Introduction to Orcad: SPICE is a powerful general purpose analog and mixed-mode circuit simulator that is used to verify circuit designs and to predict the circuit behavior. This is of particular importance for integrated circuits. Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis. SPICE can do several types of circuit analyses. Here are the most important ones: • Non-linear DC analysis: calculates the DC transfer curve. • Non-linear transient and Fourier analysis: calculates the voltage and current as a function of time when a large signal is applied; Fourier analysis gives the frequency spectrum. • Linear AC Analysis: calculates the output as a function of frequency. A bode plot is generated. • Noise analysis • Parametric analysis • Monte Carlo Analysis In addition, PSpice has analog and digital libraries of standard components (such as NAND, NOR, flip-flops, MUXes, FPGA, PLDs and many more digital components ). This makes it a useful tool for a wide range of analog and digital applications. All analyses can be done at different temperatures. The default temperature is 300K. The circuit can contain the following components: • Independent and dependent voltage and current sources • Resistors • Capacitors • Inductors • Mutual inductors • Transmission lines • Operational amplifiers • Switches • Diodes • Bipolar • MOS transistors transistors • JFET • MESFET • Digital gates Algorithm of simulating a circuit The following figure summarizes the different steps involved in simulating a circuit with Capture and PSpice. We'll describe each of these briefly through a couple of examples. Figure 1: Steps involved in simulating a circuit with PSpice. The values of elements can be specified using scaling factors (upper or lower case): U or Micro (= E-6); T or Tera (= 1E12); N or Nano (= E-9); G or Giga (= E9); P MEG or Picoor(= E-12) Mega (= E6); F of Femto (= E-15) K or Kilo (= E3); M or Milli (= E-3); 2 Types of analysis in Orcad: 1) BIAS Point or DC analysis 1. Draw the circuit shown in figure 2 on the capture window 2.With the schematic open, go to the PSPICE menu and choose NEW SIMULATION PROFILE. 3. In the Name text box, type a descriptive name, e.g. Bias. 4. From the Inherit From List: select none and click Create. 5. When the Simulation Setting window opens, for the Analyis Type, choose Bias Point and click OK. 6. Now you are ready to run the simulation: PSPICE/RUN 7. A window will open, letting you know if the simulation was successful. If there are errors, consult the Simulation Output file. 8. To see the result of the DC bias point simulation, you can open the Simulation Output file and it will be as shown below. Figure 2: Results of the Bias simulation displayed on the schematic. 2) Transient Analysis 1. Draw the circuit as shown in figure 3 2. Insert the Vsin source from the library Source. Double click on the source and make the following changes FREQ = 1000, AMPL = 1, VOFF = 0. 3. Set up the Transient Analysis: go to the PSPICE/NEW SIMULATION PROFILE. 4. Give it a name (e.g. Transient). When the Simulation Settings window opens, select "Time Domain (Transient)" Analysis. Enter also the Run Time. Lets make it 5 ms(5 periods since FREQ = 1000). For the Max Step size, you can leave it blank or enter 10us. 5. Run PSpice. 6.The results is shown in figure 4 Figure 3: the circuit diagram 3 1.0V 0.5V 0V -0.5V -1.0V 0s V(D1:2) 0.5ms V(V4:+) 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms Time Figure 4: Results of the transient simulation 3) AC Sweep Analysis: The AC analysis will apply a sinusoidal voltage whose frequency is swept over a specified range. The simulation calculates the corresponding voltage and current amplitude and phases for each frequency. When the input amplitude is set to 1V, then the output voltage is basically the transfer function. In contrast to a sinusoidal transient analysis, the AC analysis is not a time domain simulation but rather a simulation of the sinusoidal steady state of the circuit. When the circuit contains non-linear element such as diodes and transistors, the elements will be replaced their small-signal models with the parameter values calculated according to the corresponding biasing point. 1. Create a new project and build the circuit as shown in figure 5 2. For the voltage source use VAC from the Sources library. 3. Make the amplitude of the input source 1V. 4. Create a Simulation Profile. In the Simulation Settings window, select AC Sweep/Noise. 5. Enter the start and end frequencies and the number of points per decade. For our example we use 0.1Hz, 10 kHz and 11, respectively. 6. Run the simulation 7. In the Probe window, add the traces for the output voltage. 8. The results is as shown in figure 6 Figure 5 4 600mV 400mV 200mV 0V 100mHz 300mHz V(R4:2) 1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz Frequency Figure 6 4) DC Sweep Analysis: The DC sweep is used to draw the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) between output and input. 1) we connect the circuit as shown in figure 2) from dc sweep analysis we choose primary sweep and we put the name of the source V1 and start value (0),end value (12) and increment (0.1). 3) Then choose secondary sweep and put the name of the current source I2 and start value (-4u),end value (12u) and increment (4u). 4) we put the current marker above R2 as shown. 5) The result will be as shown in the figure 8. Figure 7 Output Current 2.0mA 1.0mA 0A -1.0mA 0V 1V 2V 3V 4V 5V 6V -I(R2) V_V1 Figure 8 5 7V 8V 9V 10V 11V 12V Home Work Part one 6) Draw the circuit as shown on capture window with V1= 5v, f=1khz 7) Draw the output voltage across resistor 8) If we connect capacitor (10UF) in parallel with resistor draw the output voltage D1 9) Make comparison between 2 and 3 10) What is the effect of capacitor on the system D1N5399 V1 R 1k Part two 0 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Connect the filter as shown on capture window Make the simulation to AC Sweep Draw the frequency response of the system What is the type of the filter What is the bandwidth of the filter L1 V1 C1 10m 100u 1v R1 1k Part three 0 Draw the characteristic of the JFET (The device number is BF245A) Transistor using ORCAD Program and draw the circuit schematic related to the characteristic 6 Exp # (2) BJT Inverter ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Objectives To be familiar with the operation of BJT Amplifier. To determine VTC of the inverter. Theoretical Background 1. Ideal Inverter Digital Gate The ideal Inverter model is important because it gives a metric by which we can judge the quality of actual implementation. Its VTC is shown in figure 1.1 and has the following properties: Infinite gain in the transition region, and gate threshold located in the middle of the logic swing, with high and low margins equal to the half of the swing. The input and output impedance of the ideal gate are infinity and zero, respectively. 2. Dynamic Behavior of Inverter Digital Gate Figure1.2 illustrates the behavior of the inverter digital gate using BJT There are three regions for the above voltage transfer characteristic 1. Cut-off region. 2. Forward Active region. 3. Saturation region. 7 BJT Inverter can be best expressed by its voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) or DC transfer characteristic as shown in figure 1.3. That relates the output voltage to the input one. If: Vi = Vol, Vo = Voh = Vcc (VTC) or DC transfer characteristic The transistor is off. Vi = Vil The transistor Begins to turn on. Vil < Vi < Vih The transistor is in forward active region and operates as Amplifier. Vi = Voh The transistor will be deep is saturation, Vo = Vce(sat). A measure of sensitivity to noise is called Noise Margin (NM)which can be expressed by: Nml = Vil – Vol. Nmh = Voh – Vih. Logic Swing Ls = Voh – Vol We can calculate the transition width using the following expression Tw = Vih - Vil. Another point of interest of the VTC is the gate or switching trethold voltage Vm that defines as Vm = F(Vm). Vm can also be found graphically at the intersection og the VTC curve and the line given by Vout = Vin as shown in figure 1.3 For an AC input, the propagation delay can be defined as: Tphl: the response from a low to high transition. 8 Tplh: the response from a high to low transition. Tp: Overall propagation delay: Tp = (Tphl + Tplh)/2. Tr: Rising Time. Tf: Falling Time. Procedure Part A: 1) Write the circuit shown in Figure 1.5: 2) Vary the input Voltage according to the table 1.1 VI Vo 0.1 0.2 0.3 Vil 1 Vil = …….. Vih = ……. Vol = ……. Voh = …… 1.5 2 2.5 3 Tw = …… Nmh = ….. Nml = …... Ls = …….. 3) Draw the relation between Vo & Vin (Using Drawing paper) 9 3.5 Vih Part B: 1) Write the circuit shown in figure 1.6: 2) Apply a square wave input (F = 1Hhz, Vp = 5v) 3) Using the Oscilloscope draw Vo&Vin in same paper and same scale. 4) From the graph measure: Tplh = ………… Tphl = ………… Tp = …………... Tr = ………….... Tf = …………… 10