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LE Bio Transport and Circulation
Handout 17
Transport
1. Protists – They have no specialized transport
system because they (their one cell) are in
direct contact with their environment.
Methods:
1. Diffusion
2. Active Transport
3. Cyclosis
2. Hydra – The hydra also does not have a
specialized transport system. All of it’s cells
(in two layers) are in direct contact with the
environment
Methods:
1. Diffusion/Active Transport
2. Cyclosis
3. Flagellated cells – aid circulation in cavity
4. “Muscular” movements of the hydra helps
distribute materials.
3. Earthworm – Remember that the earthworm
annelid
is an ________.
It is multicellular and NOT all of It’s cells are in
direct contact with it’s environment. It has a
closed
______circulatory
system which means that it
vessels and the blood is under
contains ______
pressure. It’s blood contains ___________,
hemoglobin
which helps it carry oxygen. The 5 pairs of
aortic arches
_____________serve
as the earthworm’s
heart. The exchange of materials between the
blood and the body cells occurs through the
capillary walls.
It has 2 major blood vessels, one that is______
dorsal
And one that is ventral
______.
The earthworm also has a typhosole
________ which is the
fold in the intestine, to increase the
absorption of nutrients from intestine into the
capillaries.
Diagram:
4. Grasshopper– The grasshopper is also
multicellular and has a transport system. It’s
system is ______.
open This means that there are
no vessels, only internal cavities called
sinuses in which the blood lies and bathes
_______
the cells. The exchange of materials occurs in
these cavities. A pulsating blood vessel near
the rear of the animal acts as a heart and does
pump blood somewhat. How do you think the
blood keeps moving?
Breathing & other movements of the body
A grasshoppers blood does NOT contain
hemoglobin, so it does not carry oxygen. How
does the grasshopper get oxygen then?
Tracheal tubes & spiracles
Since there is no hemoglobin, what kinds of
things does the grasshopper blood carry?
Nutrients, nitrogenous wastes
Diagram:
5. Human– The human has a ______
closed circulatory
system. Our blood contains ____________,
hemoglobin
which carries oxygen.
There are two basic pathways of circulation.
A. Pulmonary Circulation – Heart and Lungs
B. Systemic Circulation – Heart to the rest of
the body
i. Hepatic-portal – blood circulation
from the digestive tract.
ii. Renal – carries blood to and from the
kidneys
iii. Coronary – supplies blood to the
muscle of the heart.
Transport VesselsArteries- “_____”
Away from the heart. They are
thick
_____-walled, muscular, and elastic. You can
feel your pulse in these. Why?
Small arteries are called ________.
arterials Arteries
oxygenated
normally carry __________ blood under
pressure.
Veins- “_______”
Toward the heart. They are ____thin
one
walled, and contain - _____-way
valves to
maintain the direction of blood flow. Body
movement is necessary for good blood flow in
veins.
venues Veins normally
Small veins are called _______.
carry ____________
deoxygenated blood.
Varicose veins• When valves do not work properly & blood
builds up in the vein – the vein becomes
stretched and in elastic.
Capillaries – where the real “______”
work is done!!
The walls are only one cell layer thick. These
are sites of the exchange of materials between
blood and body tissues. They are microscopic
and are so thin that blood cells can only pass
through single file.
Diagram
of transport
vessels:
The Formation Of Intercellular Fluid
and Lymph
INTERCELULAR FLUID – (ICF) – This is made up of
plasma that has been forced out of the capillaries
into the surrounding tissues to bathe the body
cells.
WHY DOES THE BLOOD NOT DRY UP?
Excess of this fluid is drained by vessels of the
________
lymphatic system. Lymph vessels are present in all
body tissues. Lymph is the fluid inside the
vessels. Eventually, all lymph flows into two large
lymph ducts, which empty into veins near the
heart. Therefore, lost fluid is returned to the
blood.
Capillaries  ICF  lymph vessels  veins
Lymph nodes –
Enlarged regions of lymph vessel in which
phagocytic cells filter bacteria and dead cells
from the lymph
Thoracic Duct–
Largest lymph vessel in the body
Your heart is a little bigger than your fist.
“lub-dub”–“lub” closing of the_________
AV valves
semi lunar
– “dub” closing of the_________
valves
Heart Murmur- an extra or unusual sound heard
during a heartbeat.
Blood Pressure – This is exerted by blood on the
walls of the arteries. Systole
______ is the
Diastole is
contraction phase of the heart. _______
the relaxation phase of the heart.
A _________________
sphygmomanometer is the instrument e se to
measure blood pressure.
It has two numbers, the _______
systolic over the
________
diastolic reading.
Normal Blood Pressure is 120/80
Hypertension- High blood pressure
increases the risk of heart disease and stroke so it’s important to know
how to lower high blood pressure. Hypertension risk factors include
obesity, drinking too much alcohol, smoking, and family history.
Atherosclerosis- is a disease in which plaque
(plak) builds up on the insides of
your arteries.
Atherosclerosis
• Figure A shows a
normal artery with
normal blood flow.
Figure
• B shows an artery with
plaque buildup.
Blood – a tissue!
• 3 Functions
– Transport
– Regulation (hormones heat, ect.)
– Immunity (protection)
Parts of Blood
Plasma – 55% of the total blood volume – It is
mostly water (90%) and is straw-colored. It
contains inorganic ions, wastes, nutrients, and
proteins ( Antibodies,
_________________
enzymes,
hormones and clotting factors
_________________________)
The rest of the blood is
made of solids.
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
These are the most numerous of all blood cells.
30 trillion
4-5 million
There are ___________
or __________/mm3.
They are also called ____________.
erythrocytes They are
produced in the bone marrow of the long
bones. Mature ones have no _______.
Nucleus They
Hemoglobin the pigment which
contain ___________,
carries oxygen. Worn out RBC’s are removed
by the liver and spleen. The average life span
is ________.
120 days There are ___
2 million made and
destroyed each second.
Anemia –
– one of the more common blood disorders, occurs
when the level of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) in
the body becomes too low.
Sickle Cell Anemia- is a serious disease in which the body makes
sickle-shaped red blood cells.
Sickle Cell
White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
These are larger and less numerous than RBS.
60 billion or __________/mm3.
7,000 to 10,000
There are ________
This number would increase with infection.
leukocytes
They are also called ____________.
They do
have a NUCLEUS made in the marrow and
lymph nodes. (_______________).
About ___
Tonsils, spleen
1
million are produces each second.
Two Types of WBS
1. Phagocytes–
engulf and
– These ________
destroy bacteria at the
infection site. They
leave capillaries by
amoeboid movement
and enter body tissue.
2. Lymphocytes–
These produce
antibodies which
______________
react with foreign
antigens
particles ___________
and inactivate them
Leukemia
- Cancer of the cell that produce WBC’s
- Increase in the number of abnormal WBC’s
Platelets
These are small cell FRAGMENTS.
They are responsible for clotting
______.
They have no nucleus
_______. They are formed from
the pinching off of bits of cytoplasm from
larger cells within the bone marrow.
1.5 trillion
There are about ___________,
total in the
3. Platelets live for
300,000
blood, or _________/mm
about ___days
and are produced at a rate of
7
200 Billion per day.
___________
What is in blood?
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
Carry oxygen
throughout body
Determine blood type
Blood Clotting
When blood vessels break, they release blood.
A series of enzyme controlled reactions begin
when an injury occurs. (if the injury is small,
the platelets themselves will block the hole.)
If the injury is larger, platelets are ruptured,
and they release an enzyme ______________.
Thromboplastin
This turns PROTHROMBIN (already in the
blood) into _________,
Thrombin an enzyme.
This in turn changes Fibrinogen (a protein in the
blood) into _____
Fibrin , insoluble strands. These
form a net at the wound and traps RBC’s and
platelets to form a clot.
Why Do Clots Not Form In Uninjured Blood
Vessels?
1. Smoothness of the walls in vessels prevents
platelets from being activated
2. Anticoagulants (heparin) oral (cumadin)
K and the mineral ________,
calcium are
Vitamin ___
needed for clotting.
Hemophilia – hereditary disease where a person
lacks one or more of the clotting factors.
Clots in the coronary artery cause a Heart
______
Attack
_____
Clots in the brain cause a _______.
Stroke
Coronary Thrombosis = ___________.
Heart Attack
Some bacteria are able to produce large
amounts of clot-digesting enzyme. This
enzyme can be injected into a person who is
having a heart attack
IMMUNITY
• __________________________________
Capacity of the body to resist a specific
disease. A function of Antibodies in the
__________________________________
blood.
______
There are Two Types of Immunity
1. Active Immunity
- Antibodies are produced in a response to a
foreign substance in the body (antigen)
- Examples
- A) person contracts the disease – body makes
antibodies to fight it off – antibodies remain to
prevent against reinfection
- B) Vaccination – dead or weakened pathogenic
organism is injected - body makes antibodies to
fight it off – antibodies remain to prevent against
reinfection. Dr. Edward Jenner – the father of
___________
Vacination
2. Passive Immunity
- A person receives pre-made antibodies from
the blood of another person or animal.
- Otherwise known “Borrowed
________” immunity.
- Temporary!
- Examples
- A) Maternal Immunity – Mothers Blood & Milk
- B) Serum – a person is given pre-formed
antibodies, blood transfusion.
Allergies
Immune response in which the antibodies
histamine
produced stimulate the release of a ________.
This causes sneezing, coughing, or rash. It is
often triggered by dust, pollen, certain foods,
or drugs.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
• B-Cells: bacteria – antigen
• Lymphocytes – produce antibodies.
• See next slide.
Blood typing
What are antibodies?
An antibody is
protein produced
by the body's
immune system
that recognizes
and helps fight any
substance in the
body that does not
belong.
What does your blood type mean?
Different blood
types have
different
SURFACE
PROTEINS on
their
RED BLOOD
CELLS
Agglutination
How do we figure out what
blood type someone is?
Rh Factor
If your blood does contain the
Rh protein, your blood is said
to be Rh positive (Rh+, 85%)
If your blood does NOT
contain the Rh protein, your
blood is said to be Rh
negative (Rh-, 15%)
Problems due to Rh
• Blood Transfusions
• Pregnancy
DO YOU KNOW ?
BLOOD TYPE
• Type O blood may be
transfused into patients of
any blood type.
• Rh negative blood may be
transfused into patients of
either Rh type.
• So O negative is a very
special blood type in a
blood donor.
• Universal Donor – _____
O - Why?
AB - Why?
• Universal Recipient – _____
• Problem 1: a transfusion where Type A blood
is given to a person with Type AB blood, why
doesn’t the anti-B destroy the B in the AB
Blood?
+
A
AB