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Higher Listening Baroque Unit The Baroque period lasted approximately between 1600 and 1750. The main developments in this period were: More contrast in texture – both homophonic and polyphonic Several new instrumental styles were written – fugue, concerto grosso, chorale prelude, French/Italian overture and the Suite New vocal styles were developed – da capo aria, cantata, passion and oratorio Basso continuo was the foundation for this style Baroque music was a very decorative style using many ornaments(trills, mordents, turns, appoggiaturas, acciaccaturas) The main composers from this period were Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, Monteverdi and Corelli. Concepts learned in Standard Grade: Oratorio Opera Recitative Aria Homophonic Polyphonic Melisma Syllabic Antiphonal Cantata Passion Chorale Tierce de Picardie Overture Cadences Ornaments Obbligato In addition to these, you will learn new concepts. These are: Augmentation Basso Continuo Chaconne/Passacaglia Concertino Concerto grosso Da capo aria Diminution French/Italian Overture Fugue Ornaments Real answer Ripieno Ritornello Suite Tonal Answer Chords (dominant 7th etc) Vocal Music One development of vocal music was the addition of a simple chordal accompaniment. This consisted of a bass line and and another part filled the harmonies. This was known as the Basso Continuo. (it continues throughout the piece) The ‘basso’ part is usually played by cello. The ‘continuo’ part is usually played by a harpsichord or organ. Listen to this vocal piece. How would you describe the texture of it? The Opera Monteverdi wrote the first great Operas and combined the new baroque style (with basso continuo) with older contrapuntal movement. Listen to this piece from an Opera. What type of solo song is it? Listen to a further excerpt. What type of solo song is this? The Oratorio This is a similar work to the Opera but it is based on religious text. The most famous Oratorio is Handel’s ‘Messiah’. In the Baroque era, there were two types of Overture. Italian overtures had three sections. Quick – Slow – Quick French overtures started with a fanfare like slow section with dotted rhythms. This was followed by a quicker section using imitation. Listen to the overture from ‘ The Messiah’. Which overture is this? Da Capo Arias The Da capo Arias were used in both opera and oratorios. A Da Capo Aria is essentially in Ternary Form(ABA) but only sections A and B are written out. Instead of writing section A again, the composer wrote the instruction D.C or Da Capo meaning to return to the beginning. Instrumental Music There were several new styles of instrumental work developed in this period. The Concerto Grosso This work preceded the Symphony. It consisted of two main groups of instruments. These are: The Concertino – A small group of soloists. The Ripieno – The larger group(small orchestra) During the Concerto grosso, there is often a recurring theme. This is known as the Ritornello. Listen to the piece. Name the instruments in both groups.