Download skeletal system lab

MUSCULAR SYSTEM LAB
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify each of the three muscle tissue types (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) on anatomical models
and when viewing the tissues with a microscope.
2. Locate and identify the major structures (listed below) of a neuromuscular junction and muscle fiber
(muscle cell) on models, slides, and diagrams.
3. Identify the major structures in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues (listed below) when
viewing the tissues with a microscope.
4. Locate and identify the major human muscles on models or diagrams (listed below).
5. Describe a major action of each of the major human muscles.
MATERIALS:



human muscle models
muscle cell models
muscle tissue slides
TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
_____ skeletal muscle tissue (See pgs. 95, 96, and 248 of text. See pg. 25 of Photographic Atlas)
_____ cardiac muscle tissue (See pgs. 96, 244, and 248 of text. See pg. 25 of Photographic Atlas)
_____ smooth muscle tissue (See pgs. 96, 246, and 248 of text. See pg. 25 of Photographic Atlas)
STRUCTURES IN MUSCLE TISSUE
Skeletal Muscle Tissue:
_____ muscle fibers
_____ nuclei
_____ striations
Cardiac Muscle Tissue:
_____ muscle fibers
_____ nuclei
_____ intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle Tissue:
_____ muscle fibers
PARTS OF A NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION AND MUSCLE FIBER (CELL):
_____ endomysium (endo = inside; myo = muscle; connective tissue fibers that surround and bind
individual muscle cells)
_____ muscle fiber (muscle cell)
_____ nuclei
p. 1 of 5
Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab
_____ myofibril (mī-ō-FĪB-ril) (myo = muscle; organized collections of myofilaments in skeletal and
cardiac muscle cells)
_____ sarcomere (SAR-kō-mēre) (sarco = flesh; mero = part; the smallest contractile unit of a striated
muscle cell)
_____ sarcolemma (sar-kō-LEM-uh) (sarco = flesh; lemma = to peel, husk; the cell membrane of a
muscle cell)
_____ sarcoplasm
_____ motor end plate (the part of a muscle cell which contains receptors that bind neurotransmitters)
_____ motor neuron
INTRODUCTION TO THE NAMING OF MUSCLES:
Muscles are named according to different characteristics. Often two or more characteristics are applied to
the name of a muscle. Use the following characteristics that are often used to name muscles as you learn
the names of the major human and cat muscles:






Muscle Action (E.g. the adductor longus muscle adducts the thigh)
Location (E.g. the brachialis muscle is located on the arm. The orbicularis oculi muscle is located
around the eye)
Location of Attachments (E.g. the brachioradialis muscle has its origin in the arm and its
insertion on the radius bone) Direction of Fascicles and Muscle Fibers (E.g. the fascicles of the
rectus abdominis muscle run in a straight up and down direction)
Muscle Shape (E.g. the deltoid muscle is triangular in shape)
Muscle Size (E.g. the gluteus maximus muscle is the largest of the gluteal muscles, the gluteus
minimus muscle is the smallest of the gluteal muscles.
Number of Origins (E.g. the biceps brachii muscle has 2 origins; the triceps brachii muscle has 3
origins)
MAJOR HUMAN MUSCLES:
1. Identify the following human muscles on models or diagrams. The basis for the name of the muscle, a
brief description of its location, and/or its action are given in parenthesis.
FACE AND HEAD:
_____ frontalis (also called frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle) (this is anterior part of a
muscle called the epicranius; raises eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of the forehead)
_____ occipitalis (also called the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle) (this is the
posterior part of the epicranius; pulls scalp anteriorly)
_____ temporalis (tempora = time; pertaining to the temporal bone; synergist to masseter in
chewing)
_____ orbicularis oculi (or-BIH-kū-LAR-ioos OK-u-lī) (orbicularis = a circle; oculo = eye;
encircles the eye and allows blinking, winking, and squinting; also compresses the tear
glands to keep the eyeball continuously moistened)
_____ orbicularis oris (or-BIH-kū-LAR-ioos OR-is) (orb = a circle; oro = mouth; encircles the
lips; closes the mouth and purses the lips as when kissing)
p. 2 of 5
Biol 2101 Human Anatomy
_____ zygomaticus (zygomatic = cheekbone; smiling)
_____ masseter (maseter = chewing; elevates the mandible as when chewing)
NECK:
_____ sternocleidomastoid (STER-nō-KLĪ-dō-MAS-toyd) (extends from the clavicles and the
sternum to the mastoid process of the skull; flexes the head sideways, forward, or down)
BACK
_____ trapezius (tra-PĒ-zē-us) (trapezius = in the shape of a trapezoid; large triangular muscle of
the neck and upper back; shrugs the shoulders and hyperextends the head.)
_____ erector spinae (this is really a group of 3 muscles: iliocostalis, longissiumus, and spinalis;
extends back)
_____ rhomboids (rhomboid = diamond shaped; retracts the scapula (square the shoulders))
_____ latissimus dorsi (la-TIS-ih-mus DOR-sī) (latissimus = widest; dors = back; extends
between the thoracic vertebrae and the humerus; extension, adduction, and medial
rotation at shoulder)
THORAX
_____ diaphragm (DĪ-a-fram) (dia = across; phragm = wall; used to inhale)
_____ external intercostals (in-ter-KOS-tulz) (external = superficial; inter = between; costals =
ribs; elevates the ribs)
_____ internal intercostals (in-ter-KOS-tulz) (internal = deep; inter = between; costals = ribs;
depresses the ribs)
STOMACH
These four muscles support and protect the organs of the abdominal cavity and aid in breathing.
_____ rectus abdominis (REK-tus ab-DOM-in-is) (rectus = straight or parallel; abdominus =
belly; “sixpack”)
_____ external oblique (ō-BLĒK) (external = superficial; oblique = diagonal; the fibers of this
muscle are directed inferiorly and medially)
_____ internal oblique (internal = deep; the fibers of this muscle run at right angles to those of
the external oblique—inferiorly and laterally)
_____ transversus abdominis (transverse = horizontal; abdominus = belly; this is the deepest of
the abdominal muscles; the muscle fibers run in a transverse direction)
SHOULDERS:
_____ deltoid (DEL-toyd) (deltoid = in the shape of a triangle; this is a common site for
intramuscular injections; abducts at the shoulder)
CHEST:
_____ pectoralis major (PEK-tō-RA-lis) (pectus = chest; major = greater; extends between the
chest and the humerus; flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder)
_____ serratus anterior (serratus = saw; protracts and holds scapula against chest wall)
p. 3 of 5
Biol 2101 Human Anatomy
ARMS AND FOREARMS: (
_____ biceps brachii (BĪ-seps BRĀ-kē-ī)(biceps = two heads; brachialis = arm; flexes the
forearm)
_____ brachialis (brachi = arm; flexes forearm)
_____ brachioradialis (brachi = arm; radi = radius; flexes forearm)
_____ triceps brachii (TRI-seps BRĀ-kē-ī) (triceps = three heads; brachialis = arm; extends the
forearm)
BUTTOCKS:
_____ gluteus medius (GLOO-tē-us mē-dē-us) (gluteus = buttocks; medius = middle; this muscle
is deep to the gluteus maximus; abducts and medially rotates the thigh)
_____ gluteus maximus (GLOO-tē-us MAK-si-mus) (gluteus = buttocks; maximus = largest;
forms most of the prominence of the buttock; extends and laterally rotates the thigh)
_____ gluteus minimus (gluteus = buttocks; minimus = smallest; this is smalles and deepest of
gluteal muscles; abducts and medially rotates the thigh)
ANTERIOR THIGH:
_____ psoas major (psoa = loin muscle; major = greater; flexes trunk on thigh (as when bowing))
_____ iliacus (iliac = ilium; flexes trunk on thigh (as when bowing))
_____ tensor fasciae latae (tensor = to make tense; fascia = band; lata = wide; flexes and abducts
thighs)
_____ sartorius (sartor = tailor; flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh) cia = band; lata = wide;
flexes and abducts thighs)
_____ pectineus (pectin = comb; adducts and flexes thigh)
_____ rectus femoris (rectus = straight; femoris = femur; located along front of femus; flexes the
thigh)
_____ adductor longus (adduct = move toward midline; longus = long; adducts, flexes, and laterally
rotates thigh)
_____ adductor magnus (adduct = move toward midline; magnus = large; adducts and laterally
rotates and flexes thigh;)
_____ vastus lateralis (VAS-tus LAT-ih-RĀ-lis) (vastus = great; lateralis = lateral; located laterally on
thigh; extends leg at knee)
_____ vastus medialis (VAS-tus mē-dē-AH-lis) (vastus = great; medialis = middle; located medially on
thigh; extends leg at knee)
_____ vastus intermedius (VAS-tus in-ter-ME-dē-us) (vastus = great; intermedius = intermediate; lies
deep to the rectus femoris; extends leg at knee)
p. 4 of 5
Biol 2101 Human Anatomy
Note: The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius make up the
“quadriceps.”
POSTERIOR THIGH:
_____ gracilis (GRAS-ih-lis) (gracilis = slender; adducts thigh)
_____ biceps femoris (BĪ-ceps FEM-or-is) (biceps = two heads; femoris = femur; large lateral muscle
on posterior part of thigh; flexes knee)
_____ semitendinosus (SEM-ē-ten-di-NŌ-sus) (semi = half; tendo = tendon; large muscle medial to
biceps femoris on posterior part of thigh; it is long and thin like a tendon; flexes the knee)
_____ semimembranosus (SEM-ē-mem-bra-NŌ-sus) (semi = half; membran = membrane; medial to
semitendinosus; is more massive and membranous; extends the thigh)
Note: The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles make up the "hamstring.”
These three muscles are the portion of the pig butchered as "ham."
ANTERIOR LEGS:
_____ tibialis anterior (tib-ē-Ā-lis) (ocated on anterior aspect of leg, dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts
the foot)
_____ peroneus longus (also called fibularis longus); overlies fibula; plantar flexes foot)
POSTERIOR LEGS:
_____ gastrocnemius (gas-trok-NĒ-mē-us or gas-trok-NĒ-mē-us) (gaster = belly; kneme = leg;
located on posterior aspect of leg; forms a major portion of the calf; flexes the knee and plantar
flexes the foot)
_____ soleus (soleus = fish; plantar flexes foot; important in moving and posture when walking,
running, and dancing)
p. 5 of 5
Biol 2101 Human Anatomy