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Writing & Research Assignment 4
COMM 1312: Writing and Research
ASSIGNMENT 4: WRITING THE BODY OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
NAME: EZDIHAR ALMARHOON
ID: 200900653
MAJOR: COMPUTER ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTOR: SADDIQA AMMIR
Assignment 4
Spring 2012
Writing & Research Assignment 4
Writing & Research
COMM 1312
Marking Criteria for the Body of the Paper
CRITERIA
POINTS
POINTS
COMMENTS
AWARDED
1 Point A
(3 points)
2.5
2 Point B
(3 points)
2.5
3 Point C
(3 points)
2.5
4 APA style
1.5
5 Formatting and
Professionalism
1.0
Total
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Methodology
The method of doing this research was based on library research. The information gathered
from many and different kind of sources such as books (Breast Cancer Sourcebook, 2009 ),
brochures (Zahra Breast Cancer Association, 2012) , web sites, articles (Mouzhe , 2011).The
introduction started with collecting a background information about breast cancer from
different books and the literature review collected information from site.
Body
One method to detecting breast cancer is at home during Look for changes in front of a
mirror. View front and each side in each of the 3 positions: 1. Relax arms at your sides. Look
for changes in shape and color. View for puckering, dimpling, skin changes, nipple discharge.
2. Raise hands above your head. Check again for puckering, dimpling and skin changes. 3.
Place hands on hips, press down, bend forward. Check nipple direction and general
appearance. (Bellenir, Karen, 2009, p10). After that feel for changes lying down by
remember the seven methods : 1. Palpation: A) Use the pads of the middle three fingers of
each hand to examine the breast on the opposite side. Do not use fingertips. Keep fingers
together. B) Move fingers in dime-size circles using the three levels of pressure in each spot.
Keep fingers, knuckles, and wrists straight. C) “Walk and slide” finger pads along so no
breast tissue is missed. 2. Pressure: Lumps can occur at any depth. Use three levels of
pressure to examine each spot thoroughly. • Light: Use very light pressure on the first dimesize circle. Pressure should be just enough to move the skin without disturbing the tissue
underneath. Pressing too hard at first could cause a lump to move out of the way. • Medium:
On the second circle, use medium pressure to feel for changes below the surface to mid-level
of the breast tissue. • Deep: On the third circle, check for lumps deep in the breast tissue.
Press as firmly as you can without discomfort. The goal is to feel the ribs with the deep
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Writing & Research Assignment 4
pressure. 3. Pattern: Start the exam under the arm (A).Use a vertical strip pattern to check the
entire breast area. Imagine mowing a lawn with straight, vertical, overlapping rows. When
you reach the end of each row, move over about one finger width and start the next row.
Once you start, do not lift fingers from the breast area. Be sure to examine the nipple with the
same palpation technique you use to examine the rest of the breast tissue (B). 4. Perimeter:
The area to be examined includes sides, top, and bottom of breast. Sides include the line from
the middle of arm pit (axilla), that includes the area beyond breast fullness, down to the
bottom bra line, and over to the middle of the breast bone. The top starts two finger-widths
above the collarbone. Two finger-widths below the bra line indicates the bottom of the breast.
5. Position • Position 1: Spread the breast tissue evenly over rib cage. Turn on your side with
knees bent. Lean shoulder back toward the outside (away from your hip) and put your hand
on your forehead. Place a pillow under your lower back to make it more comfortable. You are
in the right position when your nipple seems to “float” at the top of the mound of your breast
tissue. • Position 2: When search pattern reaches the nipple, hold fingers in place on the
nipple and roll back into a position flat on your back. The arm on the side being examined
should now be extended directly away from the body (at a right angle). 6. Pace: Go slowly.
Take your time. Cover every square inch of the breast tissue. Performing breast self-exam
every month could potentially save your life. 7. Practice: With monthly practice, you can
become skilled at looking and feeling for changes in your breasts. Perform breast self-exam
every month.(Breast Cancer Sourcebook , 2009. P11- 13).
The side effects of breast cancer are lump or thickening of the breast , change in breast size
,skin color and texture , skin dimpling , puckering or ulceration , change in how the nipple
looks m like inverted nipple , nipple discharge . in general , most of the lumps are
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Writing & Research Assignment 4
benign(non-cancerous) but you should see your doctor immediately if you detect any changes
in your breasts. (Zahra Breast Cancer Association, 2012).
There are different types of treatment are available for patients with breast cancer. Some
treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical
trials. Treatment options depend on many factors like: the tumor type, size and stage and the
patient age m menstrual cycle and general health status. There are four newest standard
treatment of breast cancer 1- surgery: most patients with breast cancer have surgery to
remove the cancer from the breast. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm are usually taken
out and looked at under a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells. 2- Radiation therapy:
is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer
cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation
therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal
radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that
are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on
the type and stage of the cancer being treated. 3- Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that
uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them
from dividing . When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the
drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic
chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ, or a
body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional
chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the
cancer being treated.4- Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or
blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. . Hormones are substances produced
by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Some hormones can cause certain
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cancers to grow. If tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach
(receptors), drugs, surgery, or radiation therapy are used to reduce the production of
hormones or block them from working. Hormone therapy with tamoxifen is often given to
patients with early stages of breast cancer and those with metastatic breast cancer (cancer that
has spread to other parts of the body). Hormone therapy with tamoxifen or estrogens can act
on cells all over the body ( Bellenir, Karen, 2009).
Constructing Risk Factors and Prevention Breast cancer risk factors are not only biological
constructs, but also social and cultural ones. That is, the race and class roots that shape the
environmental breast cancer movement as a whole also influence the particular ways in
which activists construct risk factors and prevention strategies. The strategies that women can
use to reduce their risk of breast cancer: exercising regularly; eating ample fruits, vegetables,
and other healthy foods (especially organic); avoiding unnecessary mammograms and other
X-rays; limiting the use of birth control pills; relying on natural alternatives to hormone
replacement therapy; using nontoxic pest management and household cleaning products;
learning which canned food manufacturers do not use plastic lining and buying cans from
these companies instead of cans lined with plastic; installing filters on faucets for drinking
and bathing; and participating in environmental health and public health campaigns. Without
a doubt, such risk reduction measures are important tools. In the spirit of the feminist health
movement, they empower women to take control of their health, particularly in the absence of
adequate regulatory protections and the presence of other breast cancer risk factors such as
genetic inheritance or reproductive history that they cannot control. ( Ley, Barbara L., 2009 ).
And there are some steps to reduce the risk of breast cancer by adopting a healthy lifestyle
such as" plenty of fruits and vegetables , drink plenty of water , regular exercising , stop
smoking , breast feeding , avoid stress and regular screening". (Zahra Breast Cancer
Association, 2012).
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If you eat more fresh fruits is very useful for preventing breast cancer, but many people do
not know which the fruit relate to prevent breast cancer. Mango. Although the mango is a
brand of old fruit, a lot of the world consumption of its high, but few people is known that it
is the role of health. The mango is a equatorial fruit. Research found if women eat more
mangoes then has the role of the prevention of cancer. Mango contains a huge number of
polyphenols, Especially tannins. Tannic acid is a brand of polyphenols with a bitter taste, tea
and grape seed contain this ingredient. Tannic is the main components of prevent breast
cancer. The studies found that cell division cycle is broken because of polyphenols. This may
be a technicality mango prevent or inhibit cancer cells. The National Mango Board will
deputize a number of studies by several scientists to enable them to support the research on
the health value of mango. ( Mouzhe , 2011).
Hawthorn is often used for reduce blood lipids, appetite and digestion. Hawthorn contain
The main active ingredients of crataegus fruit are flavonoids and organic acids. Hawthorn,
also called "Rouge Fruit", or "Shanlihong", is not only plump in shape and so red similar to
red cowrie but also rich in medical value and nutrition. The flavonoid constituents have
antioxidant effects and there are structure effective relationship among nataral flavonoids.
The flavonoid can prevent breast cancer. ( Mouzhe , 2011).
Citrus fruits such as grapefruit ,oranges, kumquat, oranges, lemon , etc., are rich in vitamin c,
to prevent nitrosamine formation, suitable for lung cancer, stomach cancer, and throat cancer
patients to eat. Citrus fruits are a major source of vitamin. vitamin can prevent breast cancer.
Vitamin C may help protect against cancer. Scientists reported more than 60 years ago that
there is a connection between a lowered cancer risk and vitamin D. This study found that
vitamin D deficiency is very common among women with cancer, and it suggests that
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vitamin D deficiency is linked to poorer outcomes in these women, Only 24 percent of
women in the study had sufficient blood levels of D at the time they were first diagnosed with
cancer. ( Mouzhe , 2011).
Jujube can prevent breast cancer. Chinese dates is rich in nutrients. It is used in medicine and
food and has functional properties. Also , the rich Jujube contains vitamin C and vitamin E,
these two vitamins are beneficial to maintain Munakata and the promotion of breast
development. jujube also including the body of the eight kinds of essential amino acids and
contains 17 kinds of amino acids. ( Mouzhe , 2011).
Kiwi has 95% Vitamin C - so it´s pure natural power for your body, also can prevent breast
cancer. The summary of the item: The name of kiwi is from that it is the fruit which the
macaques like best. Kiwi: Tiny but mighty. This is a good source of magnesium, potassium,
Vitamin E & fiber. It's Vitamin C content is twice that of an orange.
Red Apple, grapes. Apple skin reduce the ability of tumor cells of estrogen, prevent breast
cancer. Red apple skin also can prevent breast cancer. Apple skin contains a nutrient
composition, This component can prevent breast cancer. Can curb the growth of the tumor
protein effectively. Purple grapes, also contain the plant components. ( Mouzhe , 2011).
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Writing & Research Assignment 4
Assignment 4
Spring 2012