Download bambusa - DELTA/Intkey

Bambusa Schreber Latinised from Malay vernacular bambu.
Type species: Type: Bambos arundinaceae Retz.
Including Arundarbor Kuntze, Criciuma Soderstrom & Londoño, Dendrocalamopsis (Chia & Fung)
Keng f., Eremocaulon Soderstrom & Londoño, Ischurochloa Büse, Leleba Nakai, Lingnania McClure,
Neosinocalamus and Tetragonocalamus Nakai
Excluding Guadua Kunth,, Holttumochloa K.M. Wong, Kinabaluchloa K.M. Wong, Maclurochloa
K.M. Wong, Soejatmia K.M. Wong,
Habit, vegetative morphology. Perennial. The flowering culms leafless, or leafy. Culms
(200–)500–3500 cm high; woody and persistent; to 12(–17) cm in diameter; scandent, or not scandent;
branched above. Buds from which the primary culm branches arise (where recorded) 1. Primary
branches (1–)3–10, or 11–20 (where recorded (rarely ... ) derived from a single bud, usually with one
branch becoming dominant); sometimes clumped. The branching (exclusively?) dendroid. Culm nodes
glabrous. Culm leaf sheaths present; deciduous (rarely), or persistent; leaving a persisten girdle
(sometimes), or not leaving a persistent girdle; conspicuously auriculate (nearly always), or not
conspicuously auriculate. Culm leaves with conspicuous blades. Culm leaf blades linear, or lanceolate, or
ovate, or triangular (commonly). Culm internodes hollow (sometimes nearly solid). Pluricaespitose.
Rhizomes pachymorph. Plants unarmed (? - with Guadua excluded). Leaves not basally aggregated;
auriculate, or non-auriculate (rarely?); with auricular setae, or without auricular setae. Leaf blades broad,
or narrow (small to moderate-sized); pseudopetiolate; cross veined, or without cross venation;
disarticulating from the sheaths, or persistent (but at least demarcated); rolled in bud. Ligule an unfringed
membrane to a fringed membrane; short or long. Contra-ligule present (usually), or absent.
Reproductive organization. Plants bisexual, all with bisexual spikelets; with hermaphrodite florets.
Not viviparous.
Inflorescence. Inflorescence indeterminate; with pseudospikelets; of pseudospikelets, these
solitary or in tufts, fascicles or capitula on leafless branches; open; spatheate (with or without foliage
leaves); a complex of ‘partial inflorescences’ and intervening foliar organs. Spikelet-bearing axes very
much reduced, or paniculate to capitate; persistent. Spikelets not secund.
Female-fertile spikelets. Spikelets unconventional; 10–80 mm long; oblong, or ovate, or lanceolate,
or linear; compressed laterally to not noticeably compressed; when empty glumes present, disarticulating
above the glumes; disarticulating between the florets; commonly with distinctly elongated rachilla
internodes between the florets. Rachilla prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret; hairless.
Hairy callus absent.
Glumes (i.e. transitional, empty glumes, which are additional to bud-bearing basal bracts) present
(usually), or absent (rarely); one per spikelet to two ((0-)1–2); very unequal, or more or less equal; shorter
than the spikelets; shorter than the adjacent lemmas; hairless; not pointed; awnless; carinate; similar.
Lower glume longer than half length of lowest lemma; 7–18 nerved. Upper glume 7–18 nerved. Spikelets
with incomplete florets. The incomplete florets distal to the female-fertile florets, or both distal and
proximal to the female-fertile florets. The distal incomplete florets merely underdeveloped. The proximal
incomplete florets 0–3 (? - fewer than 4); sterile. The proximal lemmas awnless; several-nerved; exceeded
by the female-fertile lemmas; similar in texture to the female-fertile lemmas.
Female-fertile florets (1–)2–20 (-‘many’). Lemmas similar in texture to the glumes; not becoming
indurated; entire; blunt; awnless (usually); hairless; carinate to non-carinate; 9–22 nerved. Palea present;
relatively long to conspicuous but relatively short; not convolute; entire to apically notched (the apex
rounded, truncate or only slightly cleft); awnless, without apical setae; not indurated; several nerved
(about 6–16); 2-keeled. Palea keels wingless (with Guadua excluded). Lodicules present; 3; free;
membranous; ciliate; not toothed; heavily vascularized. Stamens 6; with free filaments (nearly always), or
monadelphous (rarely). Anthers 3.5–8 mm long; penicillate, or not penicillate; with the connective
apically prolonged, or without an apically prolonged connective. Ovary apically hairy; with a
conspicuous apical appendage (commonly), or without a conspicuous apical appendage. The appendage
broadly conical, fleshy. Styles fused. Stigmas 3 (usually?).
Fruit, embryo and seedling. Fruit free from both lemma and palea; longitudinally grooved; not
noticeably compressed; with hairs confined to a terminal tuft. Hilum long-linear. Pericarp thin. Embryo
small; not waisted. Endosperm containing compound starch grains. Embryo with an epiblast.
First seedling leaf without a lamina.
Abaxial leaf blade epidermis. Costal/intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae present.
Intercostal papillae over-arching the stomata; several per cell. Long-cells similar in shape costally and
intercostally; differing markedly in wall thickness costally and intercostally. Mid-intercostal long-cells
rectangular; having markedly sinuous walls. Microhairs present; panicoid-type; 36–48 microns long (in
B. arnhemica); 6–9 microns wide at the septum. Microhair total length/width at septum 4.5–8 (i.e. very
variable, in B. arnhemica). Microhair apical cells 15–21 microns long. Microhair apical cell/total length
ratio 0.37–0.46. Stomata common; 21–27 microns long. Subsidiaries parallel-sided, or dome-shaped, or
triangular; including both triangular and parallel-sided forms on the same leaf. Intercostal short-cells
common; in cork/silica-cell pairs. Costal short-cells conspicuously in long rows. Costal silica bodies
saddle shaped, or oryzoid.
Transverse section of leaf blade, physiology. C3; XyMS+. Mesophyll with non-radiate
chlorenchyma; with arm cells; with fusoids. Leaf blade adaxially flat. Midrib conspicuous; having
complex vascularization. The lamina distinctly asymmetrical on either side of the midrib. Bulliforms
present in discrete, regular adaxial groups; in simple fans. All the vascular bundles accompanied by
sclerenchyma. Combined sclerenchyma girders present; forming ‘figures’.
Culm anatomy. Culm internode bundles in three or more rings.
Phytochemistry. Leaves without flavonoid sulphates (1 species).
Cytology. Chromosome base number, x = 12. 2n = 24, 48, 70, and 72. 4 and 6 ploid (rarely diploid).
Chromosomes ‘small’.
Classification. Watson & Dallwitz (1994): Bambusoideae; Bambusodae; Bambuseae. Soreng et al.
(2015): Bambusoideae; Bambusodae; Bambuseae; Bambusinae, or Guaduinae (Criciuma, Eremocaulon).
About 120 species.
Distribution, phytogeography, ecology. Tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, America.
Queensland, Northern Territory, and New Guinea.
Commonly adventive.
Economic aspects. B. arundinacea, B. dissemulator, B. duriuscula, B. gibba, B. lapidea, B.
malingensis, B. sinospinosa, B. tuldoides, B. vulgaris etc. are widely used for general constructional
work; others (e.g. B. pervariabilis) for fishing rods, ski poles, umbrella shafts, furniture etc.; others (e.g.
B. chungii) for weaving; others (e.g. B. flexuosa, B. gibba, B. sinospinosa) are useful barrier plants; and
the shoots of many (e.g. B. beecheyana, B. gibboides, B. vulgaris) are edible. Pulp for paper and rayon is
obtained from (e.g.) B. guadua.
Hybrids. Claimed intergeneric hybrids with Saccharum are erroneous, representing apomixis.
Rusts and smuts. Rusts — Dasturella, Stereostratum, and Puccinia. Taxonomically wide-ranging
species: Dasturella divina and Stereostratum corticoides. Smuts from Tilletiaceae. Tilletiaceae —
Tilletia.
References, etc. Leaf anatomical: Metcalfe 1960; this project.
Special comments. This treatment follows Clayton and Renvoize (1986). Soderstrom and Ellis
(1987) refer Criciuma, Eremocaulon and Guadua to their subtribe Guaduinae, along with Olmeca, and
place Tetragonocalamus in the Arundinariinae, but revised generic descriptions adequate for the present
purpose are not available. Further problematic ‘genera’ are Kinabaluchloa K.M. Wong (including B.
wrayi), Holttumochloa K.M. Wong (including B. magica), Maclurochloa K.M. Wong (= B. pauciflora
and B. montana), and Soejatmia K.M. Wong (= B. ridleyi). Sound generic circumscriptions depend on
adequate comparative descriptions, and will be extensively unachievable for bamboos until the
descriptive terminology of inflorescence and spikelet morphology has been standardized, and encoded
with reference to material at world level.