Download 2. What is one of the authors` interpretations of the

Test Bank
Chapter 2
Eastern and Western Perspectives on Positive Psychology
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In comparing Eastern and Western cultures, Western culture has placed more emphasis
on_____________, while Eastern cultures have placed more emphasis
on______________.
*a. self efficacy; living well
b. living well; self-efficacy
c. self-efficacy; hope and optimism
d. living well; hope and optimism
2. What is one of the authors’ interpretations of the Chinese proverb, “A good fortune
may forebode a bad luck, which may in turn disguise a good fortune”?
a. Life is filled with twists and turns that we encounter as we age.
b. *Life involves a delicate balance between suffering and feeling good.
c. Life involves luck; happenstance drives most of our happiness.
d. Life presents a series of choices, some good and some bad.
3. Though scholars have begun to consider the extent to which all cultures and values
inform positive psychology research and practice, which perspective has been largely
ignored to date?
a. *Eastern
b. Western
c. Indo-European
d. Eurasian
4. With regard to optimal functioning, Easterners are more likely to view life as being
__________, while Westerners are more likely to view life as being _____________.
*a. a question of balance; a linear progression
b. a linear progression; a question of balance
c. a question of balance; the result of probability
d. outside of personal control; within the boundaries of personal control
5. In the Eastern tradition the concept of “enlightenment” is roughly the same as
a. the accumulation of material wealth.
b. the accumulation of knowledge.
*c. the ability to see things objectively.
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
d. the ability to think logically.
6. What are the four Eastern disciplines discussed in Chapter 2 that may influence the
future of positive psychology research and practice?
a. *Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism
b. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Shamanism
c. Confucianism, Shintoism, Buddhism, and Shamanism
d. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Scientism
7. The Eastern search for spiritual transcendence parallels which concept in the West?
a. belief in an afterlife or heaven
b. financial independence
*c. pursuits for a better life on earth
d. leaving a legacy
8. What pathway to the good life is commonly associated with Eastern religious
traditions?
a. Goal-directed pursuits happiness
b. Spiritual pursuits of subjective well-being
c. *Spiritual pursuits of transcendence and enlightenment
d. Goal-directed pursuits through good deeds
9. Aristotle’s view of society was that it
a. contributed to hedonistic desires.
*b. was important in helping people self-actualized.
c. tended to repress individual’s ability to self-actualize.
d. promoted stability through cooperative efforts.
10. The Athenian concept of “magnificence” refers to
a. displaying material wealth.
b. accumulating material wealth.
c. being generous to others.
*d. the greatness of the soul.
11. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, the virtues of ___________________ are given
particular importance.
a. patience, forgiveness, and wisdom
b. self-sufficiency and independence
*c. faith, hope, and charity
d. kindness, humility, and acceptance
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
12. In the New Testament of the Bible, gifts that are valued by God include all of the
following except
*a. perseverance.
b. leadership.
c. hospitality.
d. mercy.
13. In the Islamic faith, giving to the poor is regarded as
a an obligation.
b. a burden.
*c. a privilege.
d. an act of faith.
14. What actions are at the core of Confucian teachings?
a. Doing good deeds
b. Loving thy neighbor
c. Honoring one another
d. *Attaining virtue
15. According to Confucianism, what are the five virtues associated with a moral
existence?
a. *Humanity, duty, etiquette, wisdom, truthfulness
b. Humanity, duty, etiquette, wisdom, courage
c. Humanity, love, etiquette, wisdom, courage
d. Humanity, duty, etiquette, wisdom, love
16. What is the Tao?
a. *The Way, the energy that surrounds everyone
b. The Path, the route to enlightenment
c. The Way, the route to enlightenment
d. The Tree, the roots of a good life
17. What is the most important goal in the Taoist philosophy?
a. Being reincarnated into a higher being
b. Enjoying the journey over the destination
c. Finding joy in everyday living
d. *Realizing naturalness and spontaneity in life
18. “Suffering is part of being.” This philosophical tenet is commonly associated with
which religious tradition?
a. *Buddhism
b. Confucianism
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
c. Hinduism
d. Taoism
19. According to Confucianism, what is the source of human suffering?
a. Hate
b. Racism
c. *Desire
d. Sadness
20 What is nirvana?
a. A state in which a person desires meaningful relationships
b. A time period often associated with the development of Eastern religious practices
c. *A state in which the self is freed from desire for anything
d. A feeling achieved through common positive psychological practice
21. According to Buddhists’ Brahma Viharas, what are the virtues that are above all
others in importance?
a. *Love, compassion, joy, and equanimity
b. Love, compassion, competition, and equanimity
c. Love compassion, truth, and equanimity
d. Love, compassion, truth, and joy
22. What Eastern religious tradition lacks an identifiable founder?
a. Buddhism
b. Confucianism
c. *Hinduism
d. Taoism
23. The main teachings of the Hindu tradition emphasize which of the following?
a. Humans as guardians of the earth.
b. The importance of achieving nirvana.
c. Doing to others as you would have them do to you.
*d. The interconnectedness of all things.
24. What Eastern religious tradition focuses on personal betterment, as many Western
traditions do?
a. Confucianism
b. *Hinduism
c. Shamanism
d. Taoism
25. In Hindu teachings, it is believed that all people are interconnected by one unifying
concept. What human strengths may be highly valued given this belief?
a. Competition
b. Achievement
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
c. *Harmony
d. Gratitude
26. In Hinduism, the ultimate success would be
a. returning to this world in a better placement in the world.
*b. Going directly to the afterlife without having to repeat life’s lessons.
c. achieving a state of pre-mortal nirvana.
d. returning to this world is another human.
27. In Hinduism, which of the following life achievements are valued?
*a. Attaining knowledge and being good to others.
b. Attaining knowledge and becoming self-sufficient.
c. Being good to others and becoming self-sufficient.
d. Attaining knowledge and achieving reincarnation.
28. In Hinduism, karma refers to
a. avoiding returning to Earth via reincarnation.
b. the ability to achieve the ultimate self-knowledge in one’s life.
c. receiving good luck by being kind to others.
*d. attaining a better placement in the world in the next life.
29. The concept of karma is associated with which religious tradition?
a. Taoism
b. Confucianism
c. Buddhism
d. Hinduism
30. In Western culture, two constructs related to individualism are
a. Hope and loyalty
b. Industry and need for uniqueness
*c. Hope and need for uniqueness
d. Industry and independence
31. Who was the author of Democracy in America?
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. Benjamin Franklin
c. Marquis de Sade
d. *Alexis de Tocqueville
32. Since the publishing of Democracy in America, the United States has been known as
the land of the ______________?
a. Brilliant scholar
b. Arrogant buffoon
c. *Rugged individualist
d. Clever politician
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
33. According to Alexis de Tocqueville, people in the United States placed greatest
emphasis on
a. family.
b. hard work.
c. perseverance.
*d. isolation.
34. The early American emphases on equal rights, capitalism and open frontiers stemmed
from which aspect of the early American?
a. Their collectivistic nature
b. *Their individualistic nature
c. Their honest nature
d. Their greedy nature
35. What makes a culture individualistic?
a. *When concerns about the individual are greater than concerns about the group
b. When concerns about family are more greater than concerns about strangers
c. When concerns about the group are greater than concerns about the individual
d. When concerns about the spiritual world are greater than concerns about the material
world
36. What are the core emphases of Individualism?
a. Selfishness, Sense of independence, and Need for uniqueness
b. Self as unit of analysis, Selfishness and Altruistic nature
c. Sense of independence, Need for uniqueness and Altruistic Nature
d. *Sense of independence, Need for uniqueness and Self as Unit of Analysis
37. Which of the following is NOT a core emphasis in individualism?
a. The need for uniqueness
b. A sense of independence
*c. A sense of entitlement
d. The individual as the foundation of life
38. Which of the following best characterizes the social patterns of individualist
societies?
a. *Loosely interwoven fabric
b. Independent pieces of cloth
c. Tightly knit ball of yarn
d. Long piece of string
39. Which of the following most accurately describes the personal goals of the
individualist?
a. They never match the goals of the groups that they belong to.
b. They always match the goals of the groups that they belong to.
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
c. *They may or may not match the goals of the groups they belong to.
d. They only match the goals of the groups they belong to when money is involved.
40. Which of the following is NOT a secondary emphasis of Individualism?
a. Pursues success for self
b. Spontaneity
c. *Satisfaction depends on harmony
d. Focuses on the personal payoff
41. In individualist cultures,
a. individualists do not follow group norms.
*b. individuals follow what is enjoyable to them.
c. the well-being of the individual comes from the well-being of the group.
d. people develop a sense of dependence on others like them.
42. What process do individualists tend to go through before deciding whether to pursue
relationships?
a. Evaluate the long term problems with the relationship.
b. *Analysis of the advantages and the disadvantages.
c. Consideration of what is best for their family.
d. Formal interviews with friends of the person.
43. Compared to collectivists, individualists tend to be more ___________ in their
thinking.
a. *Short-term
b. Long-term
c. Abstract
d. Concrete
44. What term did social psychologist Eliot Aronson use to describe the shared
characteristics of all human beings?
a. interactive creatures
b. *Social animals
c. Populist beings
d. Communal individuals
45. What is valued in collectivist cultures?
a. The individual over the group
b. Competition for resources
c. *Interdependence in daily living
d. Acknowledgment for all actions
46. What is the most collectivistic nation in the world according to the research of
Oyserman and colleagues?
a. *China
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
b. India
c. America
d. Japan
47. What are the core emphases of Collectivism?
a. Selflessness, Sense of dependence, and conformity
b. Group as unit of analysis, Selflessness and Altruistic nature
c. Sense of dependence, conformity, and Altruistic Nature
d. *Sense of dependence, conformity and Self as Unit of Analysis
48. What makes a culture collectivistic?
a. When concerns about the individual are greater than concerns about the group
b. When concerns about family are more greater than concerns about strangers
c. *When concerns about the group are greater than concerns about the individual
d. When concerns about the spiritual world are greater than concerns about the material
world.
49. What defines the collectivist?
a. Their individual achievements
b. *The characteristics of their groups
c. The political power they have achieved
d. Their material wealth
50. In collectivist cultures, success and satisfaction stems from
a. the individual achieving success within the boundaries of the group.
*b. the feeling that one has fulfilled the duties as a member of the group.
c. pursuing personal relationships that are productive.
d. making a unique contribution that reflects well on the group.
51. Compared to individualists, collectivists tend to be ___________ in their interactions.
a. More talkative
b. *More formal
c. Less talkative
d. Less formal
52. Which of the following is true about collectivist trends?
a. People in higher social classes tend to be more collectivist.
b. Younger people tend to be more collectivist.
c. People in industrialized nations tend to be more collectivist.
*d. People in lower social classes tend to be more collectivist.
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
53. Which of the following has research shown tends to occur as people get older?
a. People become more individualistic
b. People become more altruistic
c. *People become more collectivistic
d. People become more materialistic
54. Which social class tends to be the most collectivist?
a. *Lower
b. Middle
c. Upper
d. Social class has no effect
55. The Japanese story of Momotaro, the adopted child, shows which of the following
themes?
a. Acting for the good of the group
b. Promotion of harmony.
c. Interdependence and sharing.
*d. All of the above are exemplified in the story.
56. Western stories and fairytales are most likely to exemplify
a. the benefits of cooperating with others.
*b. Personal achievement at the cost of others.
c. that strength lies in numbers.
d. the greater importance of honor over personal fortune.
57. In traditional Eastern culture, what orientation to time is most typical?
a. Valuing a future orientation over the present and the past
b. Valuing a future orientation over the past
c. *Valuing a past orientation over the future
d. Valuing a simultaneous appreciation on past, present, and future
58. The Eastern view of the world is a_______________ while the Western view of the
world is a ____________
a. line; circle.
*b. circle; line.
c. circle; globe.
d. globe; line.
59. What does the Taoist yin and yang symbol represent?
a. The connection of the past to the future
b. The transcendence of time and place
c. The balance of the old and the new
d. *The balance between opposing forces and desires.
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
60. In Eastern philosophy, the path to happiness is
*a. a matter of balance.
b. a straight line to the goal.
c. a matter of avoiding obstacles.
d. an avoidance of unhappiness.
61. From the Eastern perspective on positive psychology, what is happiness?
a. *Happiness is the satisfactions of plain living, shared within a harmonious social
network.
b. Happiness is the attainment of individual goals and receipt of recognition.
c. Happiness is the result of good fortune and can’t be sought.
d. Happiness is the product of clean living, good health, and sound religious practices.
62. People from individualistic cultures tend to see asking for help as
a. An inevitable part of living in society.
b. a sign of strength.
*c. a sign of weakness.
d. an imposition on others.
63. What unfortunate motto did the authors provide an example of developing from
misguided beliefs about individualism?
a. Always ignore strangers.
b. Money is power.
c. Never consider other’s feelings.
d. *Don’t ask for help.
64. As described in Chapter 2, how is hope generally defined in Western culture?
a. Faith that the future will be ideal for everyone
b. *The view that people can influence the future in positive ways
c. The view that Western European Civilization will provide for people’s needs
d. The belief that an external force will manipulate the world to suit people’s needs
65. What were the Middle Ages, also called the Dark Ages (500 – 1450) best represented
by?
a. Rapid scientific change and social growth
b. *Physical, social, and intellectual immobility
c. Intellectual stagnation in which all people on the European continent almost died out
d. The European continent served as the center for all productive activities on Earth.
66. Which institutions best supported the action and planning of a hopeful society in the
Middle Ages?
a. *Monasteries and religious schools
b. Large publicly funded universities
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
c. The armies and their military conquests
d. The kings of England and France
67. Which historic period immediately followed the Middle Ages?
a. The Bronze Age
b. The Industrial Revolution
c. The Age of Colonialism
d. *The Renaissance
68. People in the Renaissance were different than people in the Middle Ages because
people in the Middle Ages found hope in searching their own souls. In contrast how did
people in the Renaissance find hope?
a. In searching the souls of people from the past
b. *In personal and materialistic achievements in their individual lives
c. In conquering and enslaving the lands of others
d. In patiently waiting for the riches of others to benefit them.
69. Until what year did the Renaissance last?
a. 1800
b. *1700
c. 1600
d. 1500
70. For what is the Enlightenment best known
a. The production of religious scholars
b. The production of political leaders that convinced mindless masses to follow their
every whim
c. Acts of utter dependence on the bible for wisdom and reason
d. *Scientific and philosophical thinkers
71. According to Chapter 2, what was the cultural atmosphere of the Enlightenment?
a. *Conducive to exploration and change
b. Opposed to any thought that was not founded on Roman or Greek literature
c. Entirely dependent on the approval of the Catholic Church
d. Focused purely on the development of industry and labor
72. How was the industrial revolution connected to the concept of hope?
*a. It increased the material benefits for individual citizens and made hope for the future
seem more attainable.
b. It brought about the end of food shortages and made it more likely that children would
survive to adulthood.
c. It allows the formation of centralized governments that allowed social safety nets to be
established.
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
d. It created a rise in achievements in science and philosophy due to the use of the
scientific method.
73. What term describes the pursuit of individualistic goals so as to produce a
sense of specialness?
a. Arrogance
b. *Need for uniqueness
c. Self-righteousness
d. Desire for dominance
74. A set of personal attributes which have a common core of meaning is the definition of
a. uniqueness.
*b. an identity dimension.
c. individualism.
d. Collectiveness
75. Which of the following statements best describes people’s need for uniqueness
levels?
a. *Individual differences in need for uniqueness exist.
b. All Americans have high need for uniqueness levels.
c. Individual levels of need for uniqueness cannot be identified.
d. All Americans have low need for uniqueness levels.
76. Regarding similarity to others, most people are most comfortable if they perceive that
a. others are very similar to them.
b. others are very dissimilar to them.
*c. others are moderately similar to them.
d. they have a lot of unique characteristics.
a.
b.
c.
d.
77. What level of similarity is rated as being the most comfortable for people?
Extremely low levels of similarity
Moderate to low levels of similarity
*Moderate to high levels of similarity
Extremely high levels of similarity
76. When evaluating perceived similarity, when do people feel the need to make the most
behavioral changes?
a. *When they highly dissimilar
b. When they are moderately dissimilar
c. When they are moderately similar
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
d. When they are highly similar
77. Who developed the Need for Uniqueness scale?
a. Snyder & Lopez
b. Snyder & Seligman
c. Snyder & Cheavens
d. *Snyder & Fromkin
78. How do societies typically react when people deviate from the normal or expected
behaviors?
a. Deviant behavior is never noticed.
b. *Deviant behavior is met with disapproval or rejection.
c. Deviant behavior is met praise.
d. Deviant behavior is usually met with curiosity or indifference.
79. What is the term for the attributes that provide an acceptable method for citizens to
show their differences?
a. Individualism
b. Strangeness
c. *Uniqueness
d. Mannerisms
80. What term was coined by Snyder to describe the ironic process in which every season
advertisers use uniqueness to persuade customers to buy products which then become
common, only to repeat the cycle the next shopping season?
a. Rollercoaster of ignorance
b. *Catch-22 carousel
c. Shopping circus
d. Cycle of foolishness
83. The Buddhist idea of karuna refers to
*a. compassion.
b. transcendence.
c. humanity.
d. community.
84. In Confucianism, the idea that is central to achieving happiness is
a. nirvana.
*b. harmony.
c. discipline.
d. compassion.
85. Which to Eastern values are central to the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism,
Buddhism, and Hinduism?
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
a. Compassion and uniqueness.
b. Belongingness and harmony.
*c. Compassion and harmony.
d. Acceptance and compassion
86. Which of the following statements gives the best explanation for the relationship
between individualism and collectivism?
a. Opposing ends on a spectrum of behavior
b. Perspectives defined by the wealth of the culture
c. *Two valid perspectives that need not be mutually exclusive
d. Individualism is the superior perspective in every way
87. Regarding the ME and WE perspectives, what tends to characterize the goals of the
high hope person?
a. Exclusive focus on ME goals
b. Exclusive focus on WE goals
c. High hope people do not set many goals
d. *Balance between ME and WE goals
88. What percentage of people on earth are estimated to be collectivistic?
a. 90%
b. *70%
c. 50%
d. 30%
Essay Questions
1. How has the basic understanding of hope changed throughout the history of Western
European Civilization starting with the Greek civilization, continuing through the Middle
Ages, and ending in the era identified as the Age of Progress?
2. Choose one of the Eastern traditions discussed in Chapter 2 and describe how
following three of its principles and how they might lead you to the good life. Next,
identify the values and thought processes that might be important tools to take along the
journey.
3. Discuss the need for uniqueness with regard to encoding of similarity information,
emotional reactions to perceived similarity to others, and uniqueness attributes.
4. Discuss how the Eastern values of compassion and harmony are defined and
expressed.
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]
Discuss some of the suggestions for both Easterners and Westerners in approach the
merge between “ME” and “WE.”
*You can buy complete chapters by: Www.TestbankU.com Contact Us:
[email protected]