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Download Newton`s Second and Third Laws of Motion
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Newton’s Second and Third Laws of Motion What do you think? • If a net force acts on an object, what type of motion will be observed? – Why? • How would this motion be affected by the amount of force? • Are there any other factors that might affect this motion? Newton’s Second Law The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to the object’s mass Newton’s Second Law Fnet m a • Increasing the force will increase the acceleration. – Which produces a greater acceleration on a 3-kg model airplane, a force of 5 N or a force of 7 N? • Answer: the 7 N force • Increasing the mass will decrease the acceleration. – A force of 5 N is exerted on two model airplanes, one with a mass of 3 kg and one with a mass of 4 kg. Which has a greater acceleration? • Answer: the 3 kg airplane Newton’s Second Law (Equation Form) F ma • F represents the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. F = Fnet = m·a Units for force: mass units (kg) acceleration units (m/s2) = kg·m/s2 The units kg•m/s2 are also called newtons (N). Classroom Practice Problem • Space-shuttle astronauts experience accelerations of about 35 m/s2 during takeoff. What force does a 75 kg astronaut experience during an acceleration of this magnitude? • Answer: 2600 kg•m/s2 or 2600 N Newton’s Third Law • Forces always exist in pairs. – You push down on the chair, the chair pushes up on you – Called the action force and reaction force – Occur simultaneously so either force is the action force Newton’s Third Law • If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on Object 1 by Object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on Object 2 by Object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction –For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Newton’s Third Law • The forces act on different objects. –Therefore, they do not balance or cancel each other. –The motion of each object depends on the net force on that object. Hammer Striking a Nail • What are the action/reaction pairs for a hammer striking a nail into wood? – Force of hammer on nail = force of nail on hammer – Force of wood on nail = force of nail on wood • Which of the action/reaction forces above act on the nail? – Force of hammer on nail (downward) – Force of wood on nail (upward) • Does the nail move? If so, how? – Fhammer-on-nail > Fwood-on-nail so the nail accelerates downward Hammer Striking a Nail • What forces act on the hammer? – Force of nail on hammer (upward) – Force of hand on hammer (downward) • Does the hammer move? If so, how? • Fnail-on-hammer > Fhand-on-hammer so the hammer accelerates upward or slows down • The hammer and nail accelerate in opposite directions. Action-Reaction: A Book on a Desk Action Force Reaction Force • The desk pushes up on the book. • Earth pulls down on the book (force of gravity). • The book pushes down on the desk. • The book pulls up on Earth. Action-Reaction: A Falling Book Action • Earth pulls down on the book (force of gravity). • What is the result of the action force (if this is the only force on the book)? – Unbalanced force produces an acceleration of -9.81 m/s2. Reaction • The book pulls up on Earth. • What is the result of the reaction force? • Unbalanced force produces a very small upward acceleration (because the mass of Earth is so large). Free Body Diagrams • Show only the forces acting on the body of interest • Do not show the forces acting on the reaction body Free Body Diagram FWN FNH FHN FAH Nail accelerates downward Hammer accelerates upward Newton’s Law Problem Process • Draw a sketch • Identify a coordinate system –Choose x- or y-axis along direction of motion • Rotate the axes, if necessary • Identify relative directions of net forces –Consider both x- and y-axes Newton’s Law Problem Process • Draw a free-body diagram –Not the same as a sketch! –Identify all forces, even if some are not needed for the final solution • Apply the Newton’s law equation to each axis Fnet, x = m·ax Fnet, y = m·ay Determining Fnet • If body is at rest or moving at constant velocity: Fnet = 0 • If body is accelerating: Fdirection of motion Fopposite motion = m·a • Watch your sign values! Car moving at constant velocity on road Fnet,y = 0 Fnormal + W = 0 Fnormal = W Fnormal Ffwd Fopp W Fnet,x = 0 Ffwd + Fopp = 0 Ffwd = Fopp *** Fopp has sign! Crate pulled along level surface Fnormal Fopp W Fapp Fnet,y = 0 (Fnormal+ Fapp, y) + W = 0 Fnormal + Fapp, y = W Fnormal + Fappsin = W Fnet,x = ma Fapp, x + Fopp) = max Fappcos + Fopp = max *** Fopp has sign! Block pulled up a ramp Fapp Fnorm Fopp W Fnet,y = 0 Fnormal+ W, y = 0 Fnormal = W, y Fnormal = Wcos Fnet,x = max Fapp+ (Wx + Fopp) = max Fapp + (Wsin + Fopp) = ma Watch out for your signs!!! Elevator going down Fnet,y = may (T + Fk) + W = may (T + Fk) + (mg) = may T Fk Fnet,x = 0 W Watch out for your signs!!! Now what do you think? • If a net force acts on an object, what type of motion will be observed? – Why? • How would this motion be affected by the amount of force? • Are there any other factors that might affect this motion?