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FINAL EXAM Study Guide
Combined study guides from Spring Semester
IMPORTANT NOTE: The best way to get the most out of the study guide is to answer the questions as you READ the text.
Repeat “as you READ the text”. Rather than just looking for the answers. This way you will understand the material.
Also you will want to write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and use this clean sheet to quiz yourself. Must be
handwritten.
Chapter 13: World War I
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What region was known as the “powder keg” of Europe in the early 1900’s?
Know the countries of Europe before and after the war? (Map of Europe 1914 & 1918)
In the late 1800s, who were the main competitors for industrial domination of Europe?
The purpose of the Schlieffen Plan was to keep Germany from having to do what?
What was the main result of the battles of Verdun and the Somme?
What were the goals of the Allies' Gallipoli (Balkan Front in Greece) campaign?
Who was Marshal Foch?
When did the United States enter World War I? What events brought them into the war?
What did Woodrow Wilson propose in his Fourteen Points?
Who declared war first? Who did they declare war on?
Through the last decade of the 1800s and throughout most of World War I, Germany was led by whom?
Great Britain entered the war following Germany's invasion of what country in violation of that nation's neutrality?
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles assigned sole responsibility for the war to whom?
Most of the new European nations created at the end of World War I were located on former lands of what country?
In the years leading up to World War I, Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for dominance of what region?
What country was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference for having withdrawn from the war?
The assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a supporter of what group?
Why was the Allied victory at the first Battle of the Marne of critical importance?
The Eastern Front was located along Germany's border with what country?
How did the actions of Kaiser Wilhelm II affect the system of alliances prior to the first World War?
What was the Zimmerman note? What country sent the note? Why is it significant?
What military assets did Britain, Germany and Russia have during the war?
What countries made up the Triple Alliance & Triple Entente? Who were the Allied Powers & the Central Powers?
Be able to locate and identify each country and the alliance it belonged to on a map?
Know the chain of events that lead each country into war? (ex: Q: why did France enter the war; A: it’s alliance w/
Russia)
Several years before the war, what country annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina?
What two nations competed for industrial dominance in Europe prior to World War I?
Otto von Bismark believed which nation posed the greatest threat to peace in Europe?
Know the leaders who made up the Big Four?
Which leader proposed the League of Nations?
What were the Fourteen Points? Who proposed them? Were they followed?
What two nations signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? What did it accomplish?
What was “total war”?
What were the MAIN causes of the war?
What were the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
CHAPTER 14: REVOLUTION AND NATIONALISM
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Chapter 14: Section 1 – Revolutions in Russia
Alexander III encouraged the pogroms that violently persecuted what group of people?
Know the chronological order of Russian heads of state (leaders) beginning with Nicholas I to Joseph Stalin?
Name of the major leader of the Bolsheviks?
What were some of the events that occurred during the reign of Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia?
The Duma, Russia’s first parliament, urged the government to what?
This mysterious “holy man” held the Russian czarina in his spell until he was murdered by nobles who feared his
influence over the government.
Which country went from a monarchy to a democracy to a Communist nation within a few months?
Under Russia’s provisional government, what were soviets?
What was overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution?
What occurred in Russia from 1918-1920?
In 1922, the name of Russia changed to what?
The Bolsheviks renamed themselves what?
Chapter 14: Section 2 – Totalitarianism
This term describes a government that takes total, centralized control over every aspect of public and private life?
What four methods do totalitarian leaders use to control and persuade their populations?
The Soviet Union was transformed into a totalitarian state by whom?
This “man of steel” led a totalitarian regime that murdered millions of Soviet citizens and controlled every aspect of
Soviet life.
What leader was responsible for the Great Purge? Who were its main victims?
A term that describes a system in which the government makes all economic decisions?
The Soviet state’s Five-Year Plans stated the nation’s intentions regarding what?
Under Stalin, the Soviet government persecuted which groups of people?
Chapter 15: YEARS OF CRISIS
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Chapter 15: Section 1 – Postwar Uncertainty
In the theory of relativity, what is constant is the measurement of what?
Sigmund Freud was famous for his ideas regarding what?
The Interpretation of Dreams was a book of psychological theories written by whom?
Central to the philosophy of existentialism is the idea that each individual must do what?
The “Lost Generation” is a term coined in the 1920’s to describe who?
Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and F. Scott Fitzgerald were well-known for what?
Identify three art movements from the early 20th century.
The birth of the new musical style called jazz occurred where?
Charles Lindbergh is famous for being the first person to do what?
What new invention enabled people to hear news, plays and live sporting events?
By the mid 1930s, nearly 90 million Americans escaped from the hardships of life by doing what each week?
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Chapter 15: Section 2 – A Worldwide Depression
What is it called when no single party wins a majority and therefore a temporary alliance of several parties must be
formed to create a parliamentary majority?
In 1918, most European nations had what form of government?
In one word describe the democracies that were created after The Great War?
The Weimer Republic was the postwar democratic government of what country?
What economic condition caused a crisis in Germany in the years following WWI?
What plan created by an international committee attempted to strengthen the Germany economy?
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
What were three flaws in the U.S. economy?
Which event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
What is a tax charged by a government on imported or exported goods called?
What is the major cause of the collapse of the stock market?
Name one of the steps taken by the U.S. government, Franklin D. Roosevelt, to improve the American economy.
What was the intent of Roosevelt’s famous statement, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”?
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Chapter 15: Section 3 – Fascism Rises in Europe
In Italy and Germany, fascism appealed to people frustrated and angry by what?
What does fascism emphasize?
Name the leaders of fascist governments in Spain, Italy, and Germany.
II Duce was the title of which leader?
The book Mein Kampf was written by?
The belief that Germany was overcrowded and needed more “living space” was called?
The attack on German Jews by Nazi mobs on November 9, 1938, was called?
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Chapter 15: Section 4 – Aggressors Invade Nations
Which of the following was true of Germany, Italy and Japan during the early 1930’s?
Which country invaded China in 1937?
What countries were members of the League of Nations in the early 1930’s? Which major democratic gov’t was not?
Which three countries were members of the Axis Powers.
Which European country underwent a civil war in the late 1930’s?
Which country invaded the Rhineland in 1936?
What policy, in which political ties to other countries should be avoided, won wide support in America?
What was the first nation that Hitler sent the German army to invade?
By 1935, Czechoslovakia was the only eastern European nation that had what form of government?
Which four countries were invited to Munich to discuss the conflict between Germany and Czechoslovakia?
The Munich Conference was called to deal with the immediate threat that Germany posed to what nation?
The decisions and results of the Munich Conference of 1938 have become symbolic, why?
Which two countries signed a non-aggression pact in August of 1939?
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Chapter 16: World War II
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Chapter 16 – Section 1: Hitler’s lightning war
What brought Britain and France into World War II?
Where did the Germans first successfully use the blitzkrieg?
The German blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depended on what?
Who ordered the invasion of Finland and, after heavy resistance forced the Finns to accept his terms of surrender?
What does the term “phony war” refer to?
Where were 338,000 Allied forces rescued from in 1940?
Who was Charles DeGaulle? Who was the leader of the Free French and the French government-in-exile in London?
Who was the prime minister of Great Britain when the nation stood alone against the Axis Powers in the war?
Where was the Battle of Britain fought? What three advantages did the British have in fighting the Battle of Britain?
Who led Italy during most of World War II?
Which general, known as the “Desert Fox” commanded Axis troops in North Africa?
Why did the Soviet Union began to fight against Germany?
What did the Lend-Lease Act allow the United States to do?
What was the Atlantic Charter?
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Chapter 16 – Section 2: Japan’s Pacific campaign
What did the United States do in response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid-1941?
Who was Isoroku Yamamoto?
Which Japanese admiral insisted that the U.S Pacific fleet posed a threat to Japan and had to be destroyed?
Who was the United States President when America entered the War?
The United States entered World War II as a direct result of what?
What territories did Japan conquer during World War II?
Who went on the Bataan Death March, and why?
What event turned the tide in the war in the Pacific AGAINST Japan allowing the Allies to take the offensive?
Who was the commander of Allied forces in the Pacific? What was the Allied “island hopping” strategy?
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Chapter 16 – Section 3: The Holocaust
What word did Hitler use incorrectly as a name for the Germanic people he considered the “master race”?
What does Kristallnacht mean in German? What happened during Kristallnacht?
What was the purpose of the ghettos created by the Nazi’s?
What is genocide? What was Auschwitz?
Identify two groups other than Jews who were singled out for the “Final Solution.”
Identify two tools or tactics used to implement the “Final Solution.”
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Chapter 16 – Section 4: The allied victory
What did Stalin repeatedly urge Churchill and Roosevelt to do in order to relieve German pressure on Soviet armies?
Which general lead victorious troops in the Battle of El Alamein?
What led to Germany’s defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad?
What happened to many Japanese-American during the war?
Who was the supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe?
What was D-Day? Why was D-Day such an important historic event? (think about it)
Who was the overall commander of ground forces in the D-Day invasion?
Which Battle marked the final German offensive? Why was the Battle of the Bulge significant?
Who were the main targets of the kamikazes?
Who made the final decision to drop the atomic bomb? Where were the atomic bombs dropped?
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Chapter 16 – Section 5: Europe and Japan in ruins
Who suffered the greatest price in terms of the number of lives lost during the war?
Who was tried at the Nuremberg Trials?
Who organized the demilitarization of Japan? Who led efforts to draw up the Japanese constitution?
After the war, the Japanese emperor lost power as a result of what?
Who was the head of the government in postwar Japan, according to the constitution established?
Chapter 17: The Cold War
Chapter 17 – Section 1
What is the purpose of the United Nations?
What are the General Assembly and the Security Council? Who are the members of each?
Which countries were made permanent members of the United Nations Security Council?
Who created the phrase “Iron Curtain”? What does it mean?
In the 1940s and 1950s, the area described as being "behind the iron curtain" was composed of which countries?
The foreign policy called "containment" was aimed at containing the spread of what form of government?
What was the main goal of the Truman Doctrine?
What was the U.S. policy that the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan supported?
What was the Marshall Plan?
Why was it relatively easy for the Soviets to cut off highway and rail traffic into West Berlin in 1948 and 1949?
Why did the Soviets blockaded West Berlin?
What were the results of the Berlin Blockade?
What is the name of the military alliance created by 10 Western European Nations, the United States and Canada?
What was the name of the alliance established by European Communist nations in response to NATO?
What countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?
Why did President Truman authorize work on the hydrogen (H-bomb)?
What is brinkmanship?
Which country launched the first space satellite?
In which year did the Soviet Union launch the first unmanned satellite?
The United States began a massive domestic spending program to improve American education and technology in
response to what event?
21) What does ICBM stand for? What is its significance?
22) What was the U-2 incident?
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Chapter 17 – Section 2
What internal struggles plagued China during WWII and afterwards?
The failure of the Nationalist forces in the Chinese civil war can largely be blamed on what?
What role did the United States play in these internal struggles?
Compare and contrast the two opposing sides in China internal struggle. (pg. 483 chart)
Who was the first leader of the People's Republic of China?
What does the title the “Two Chinas and the Cold War” mean?
What was the reaction of the superpowers to the creation of the People’s Republic of China?
How did Communist China continue to expand?
What type of transformation occurred under Mao Zedong?
How is Mao’s Marxist Socialism different from Lenin’s?
What were communes?
Who were China's Red Guards?
During the Cultural Revolution, who were the "new heroes" of China?
Chapter 17 – Section 3
What is the 38th parallel divided?
What was the border between North Korea and South Korea at the beginning of the Korean War?
Which country did the Soviet Union support during the Korean War?
Which person was the original commander of the United Nations forces in the Korean War?
Why couldn’t the Soviet Union block the intervention of UN forces in Korea?
When did Chinese troops entered the war in Korea?
Approximately where was the border set between North Korea and South Korea at the time of the cease-fire in the
Korean War?
Which American publicly called for a nuclear attack on China as an extension of the Korean War?
What did President Truman and Douglas MacArthur strongly disagreed about using during the war in Korea?
Who fired Douglas MacArthur?
What was the aftermath and legacy of the Korean War?
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What lead to the war in Vietnam? How did it break out?
Who was the leader of Communist North Vietnam?
Describe the concept behind the “Domino Theory”?
Who were the Vietcong? In which country did they do most of their fighting?
How did the United States get involved in the War in Vietnam?
What was the goal of the policy known as Vietnamization?
For which person was Saigon renamed following the fall of South Vietnam in 1975?
What was the ongoing turmoil that was occurring in Cambodia?
Who were the Khmer Rouge?
Describe postwar Vietnam?
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Chapter 17 – Section 4
Describe the characteristics of a Third World country.
During the period of time covered by this chapter, which continents had many Third World countries?
What were some of the Cold War strategies used by the US, the USSR and sometimes the PRC?
During the Cold War, what were nonaligned nations? Identify a few of them.
Describe the Cuban Revolution?
The Bay of Pigs was a failed attempt to overthrow what country?
What happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Ayatollah is a title given to whom?
In 1979, the Soviet Union became involved in a prolonged military struggle in what country?
The U. S. and the Soviet Union had a dangerous standoff over the presence of Soviet missiles in what country?
What was the Bay of Pigs?
More than 60 Americans were taken hostage in 1979 and held for over a year in what nation?
Who were the leaders of their nations at the time of the Cuban missile crisis?
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Chapter 17 – Section 5
Which Communist leader began the policy known as desalinization?
Who was John F. Kennedy's immediate successor as U.S. president?
What was the policy of détente mainly intended to reduce?
Who was the first American president to visit Communist China?
What were some examples of the policy of détente?
Which world leader came up with the program called "Star Wars"?
Know the chronological order of major events during the Cold War: i.e. The of Pigs; Vietnam War; Soviet takeover of
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Afghanistan; the launching of Sputnik; the Cuban Missile Crisis; the Berlin Blockade
and Airlift.
Know and be able to categorize the following Cold War terms: freedom, collective, socialism, equality, individual,
capitalism, totalitarian, and democratic. Be able to categorize them according to whether they are closely tied to the
USA or USSR and whether the term is economic, political, a key value or a way to describe the society.