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Social Studies 7
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Final Review Guide
1. Primary Source—
Definition-something created close in to time to an event or by an
eyewitness
Examples-letter, diary, autobiography, political cartoon, photograph,
drawing, official documents such as laws, proclamations
2. Secondary Source
Definition-something created long after the events being described or by
someone who wasn’t there
Examples-biography, textbook, documentary about something that took
place a long time ago, encyclopedia
3. Social—having to do with people, society
4. Political—having to do with government
5. Economic—having to do with money, how people make a living
6. Western hemisphere—the half of the earth west of the prime meridian (0
longitude) which includes the Americas
7. Eastern hemisphere- the half of the earth east of the prime meridian (0
longitude) which includes Europe, Africa, Asia
8. Columbian ExchangeDefinition-the transfer of animals, plants and diseases between the eastern
and western hemispheres
Effects—Native Americans in the Americas get diseases, Europeans get new
foods which make them healthier
9. Age of Exploration—
Definition-1400-1600 when Europeans explore the Americas
Effects—Europeans establish colonies; Native Americans die from diseases;
slaves come to Americas from Africa; new foods are introduced to Europe
10.Dutch—first Europeans to establish a colony in what is now New York
11.Reasons settlers came to Americas
a. Religious freedom
b. Political freedom
c. Cheap land
d. New life
12.Colonies founded for religious freedom:
a. Pennsylvania
b. Maryland
c. Plymouth
d. Rhode Island
13.Plantation—large farm usually found in south and has slave labor (slave
workers)
14.Self-sufficient—able to produce for yourself whatever you need
15.Slave labor—slave workers
16.Cash crop—a plant grown in large quantity for sale (examples—cotton,
tobacco, indigo, rice)
17.Jamestown—first permanent English colony in the Americas
18.Tobacco-cash crop which “saved” Jamestown
19.Virginia House of Burgesses—first attempt to practice representative
democracy in the colonies
20.Representative Democracy—government where people elect people to
make laws and decisions
21.Voters in the 13 British (English) colonies—white men who owned
property
22.Parliament-the representative assembly in England which made laws for
the colonies. The colonists could not vote for those representatives.
23.Albany Plan of Union-first attempt to unify the colonies (French and Indian
War/join or die cartoon) It failed.
24.French and Indian War—1754-1763
a. England and her 13 colonies against France and most Indians
b. Causes—English colonists moving onto French land; fighting between
Native Americans and colonists over land
c. Effects—France loses all its territory in North America except Haiti;
England gets all the land west to the Mississippi River. England issues
Proclamation of 1763.
25.Proclamation of 1763- official statement issued by King George prohibiting
colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. He hoped that
colonists would then stop fighting with Native Americans. It was too
expensive for him to defend the colonists. Colonists were angry because
they couldn’t move west.
26.Navigation laws-- Laws which required the colonies to trade ONLY WITH
the mother country (England)
27.Stamp Act
Definition-law requiring the colonists to pay a tax on most written
documents such as newspapers, marriage licenses and playing cards
Effect—Many colonists boycotted goods
28.Boycott—refusal to buy goods or services
29.Townshend Acts-tax on lead, paper, glass and tea
30.“stocks”—a wooden structure used to punish colonists
31.Mercantilism-a policy which favored the economic interests of Great
Britain. Colonies could only trade with Great Britain
32.American Revolutiona. Between the 13 colonies and Great Britain (England)
b. Colonies were fighting for independence
33.“Give me liberty or give me death.” Famous statement by the patriot
Patrick Henry expressing his desire to fight Great Britain for freedom and
independence
34.Patriots—colonists who wanted to break free of England
35.Redcoats—English soldiers
36.Tories/Loyalists-colonists who didn’t want to break away, stayed loyal to
Great Britain
37.Valley Forge—worst hardship during the American Revolution—soldiers
were starving, cold, and suffering from disease.
38.Battle of Saratoga-turning point of the American Revolution—convinced
the French to support the colonies
39.French support in American Revolution—after battle of Saratoga French
agree to help the colonists
40.Declaration of Independence
a. Issued July 4, 1776
b. Main author—Thomas Jefferson
c. Declared that colonies needed to break away from England (GB) and
stated reasons for it
d. Government must protect people’s “inalienable rights” of “life, liberty
and pursuit of happiness”
e. Inalienable—can’t be taken away
41.Thomas Jefferson- main author of Declaration of Independence; third
president of US
42.Articles of Confederation—first constitution of US –it FAILED because it
gave too much power to the states
43.Constitution—describes the basic structure, functions and powers of
government; a framework for government
44.Executive branch
a. Who is in it? President, Vice President, Cabinet
b. Function—to execute, enforce, or carry out laws
45.Legislative branch
a. Who is in it?-Congress which is made up of the Senate and House of
Representatives
b. Function-make laws
46.Judicial branch
a. Who is in it?-Supreme Court and lower federal courts
b. Function-interpret laws and constitution
47.Bill of Rights—first 10 amendments (changes) to the constitution which
protect basic rights like freedom of assembly, freedom of speech right to
bear arms and protection from unreasonable search and seizure
48.Freedom of assembly—freedom to hold a public meeting
49.Freedom of religion-freedom to worship as you please
50.Freedom of speech-freedom to express your opinions
51.Checks and Balances-system which prevents one branch from becoming
too powerful
52.Constitutional Convention (1787)-meeting of delegates to adopt the US
Constitution
53.Great Compromise—created a two-house legislature. Congress would
consist of the Senate and the House of Representatives
54.Port of New Orleans—at mouth of Mississippi River—important for trade.
Major reason for buying the Louisiana Territory
55.Louisiana Purchase
a. What was it? US bought Louisiana Territory from France
b. Benefits-obtained port of New Orleans; all land to Rocky Mountains
56.Lewis and Clark Expedition—purpose was to explore the land gained
through the Louisiana Purchase
57.Embargo Act-US prohibits trade with England and France because they are
fighting a war with each other and kidnapping our sailors. Trade with
Europe decreased a lot.
58.War of 1812
a. Who? between US and Great Britain
b. Causes-GB kidnaps US sailors and supplies Native Americans with guns
c. Effects—US wins, no land changes hand
59.Monroe Doctrine-president Monroe announces that Europe should not
establish colonies in the Americas
60.Erie Canal (1825)—N.Y. Gov. Clinton planned to link the Hudson River to
the Midwest by establishing canal from Albany to Buffalo
61.Hudson River—flows from NYC to Albany
62.Andrew Jackson-first self-made man to become president. Supported by
the common man. elites felt that he became too powerful when he used
the veto for the first time
63.spoils system-practice of giving jobs to political supporters
64.Mexican Cession—most of the southwest of US gained after War with
Mexico
65.Oregon Treaty—agreement to give US Oregon Territory up to the 48th
parallel
66.Gadsden Purchase—purchase of land from Mexico
67.Annexation of Texas—adding the Lone Star Republic to US as the state of
Texas
68.What belief led to the US acquiring the territory in #6366?_______________________
69.Missouri Compromise-Missouri would be a slave state and Maine a free
state-kept the balance between free and slave states
70.Southern view of slaves—slaves were property
71.Abolitionists-people who work to abolish slavery
72.Frederick Douglass—escaped slave who became famous abolitionist
73.William Lloyd Garrison—leading abolitionist who published the Liberator
74.Harriet Tubman –abolitionist who was known for helping slaves to escape
on the Underground Railroad
75.Seneca Falls Convention (1848)—a meeting to publicize the need for
women’s rights
76.Declaration of Sentiments—document adopted at the Seneca Falls
Convention seeking equal rights for women. language based on the
Declaration of Independence
77.Cotton gin
a. definition-machine for cleaning cotton
b. inventor-Eli Whitney
c. effects—increased production of cotton, increased number of slaves,
increased value of slaves
78.Fugitive Slave Law—law requiring northerners to return runaway slaves
79.Who had most of the advantages at the beginning of the Civil War—the
North
80.Events leading to the Civil War—
a. Uncle Tom’s Cabin-novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe which
showed the emotional cruelties of slavery
b. Kansas-Nebraska Act—people will decide whether they want to have
slavery by voting
c. John Brown’s attack on Harper’s Ferry—attempt to lead a slave rebellion
81.Popular Sovereignty—people decide whether there should be slavery in
the territories by voting on it
82.Secession—withdrawing from the nation
83.Election of Lincoln-led to the secession of the south because they believed
Lincoln would abolish slavery