Download Week 8: The superficial muscles

2016 NURS1004: Laboratory report
Week 8: The superficial muscles
Practical activities
Time allocation
100 mins
Objectives of the workshop
After completing this workshop you should be able to:

identify the major superficial muscles of the head, trunk and limbs and,
with the aid of the text, find their origin and insertion and describe their
action

understand some of the naming conventions used for muscles

name and locate the intramuscular injection sites across the life span.
Complete these activities before the workshop
Review (not read or learn every word) Martini et al. (2015):

section 10.1 (for muscle terminology)

sections 11.3 and 11.4

chapter 11 (figures for superficial muscles).

Review the lecture content.
Complete the following activities during the workshop
Equipment
Models of human torso and prepared specimens
Anatomical charts of body
Anatomical texts
Introduction
While the term ‘muscle tissue’ can be applied to skeletal, smooth or cardiac
muscle, when we discuss ‘muscles’ and the ‘muscular system’ we are
specifically referring to skeletal muscle only.
There are over 700 muscles in the human body. You will only identify a
relatively small number of these during this session. As you work through this
exercise, attempt to palpate the various muscles on your own or your
partner’s body, once you have located them on the models. You will need to
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refer extensively to Martini et al. (2015), chapter 11, throughout this part of
the practical.
Skeletal muscles
Human skeletal muscles are usually named according to one or more of the
following criteria:

direction of the muscle fibres

location of the muscle with respect to other structures

size of the muscle

number of insertions and/or origins

shape of the muscle

action or movement that the muscle performs.
Muscles act in groups rather than individually, so that movement is
coordinated. Therefore, during various types of movement, a particular
muscle may function as an agonist (prime mover), antagonist or synergist.
During this session, you should try to think about the naming and actions of
human skeletal muscles as you locate them anatomically. You should also be
familiar with the terms ‘origin’ and ‘insertion’, but you will not be expected to
remember these for all the muscles identified in this session.
Muscles of the thorax, abdomen and back
Locate the following muscles using the human torso model and the key
provided. Complete the table below (click in the box cell and type), which
names and describes the action of the following muscles:
1. Label the diagram below by dragging the text box to the correct line
(Martini et al. 2015, p. 380).
Serratus External
anterior oblique
Internal oblique
Tendinous
inscription
External oblique (cut)
Internal intercostal
External intercostal
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2. Complete the table below with action of the following muscles
Muscle name
Action of the muscle
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Pectoralis major
Intercostals
External abdominal obliques
Rectus abdominis
Medical and Nursing management of the patient sometimes requires the
patient to rest in bed. Nurses need to assist the patient to maintain as much
independence as possible while they are in bed. Moving in bed requires
flexion and extension of muscles of the abdomen.
To prevent the patient developing respiratory complications of bed rest,
nursing care involves teaching and monitoring the coughing and breathing
exercises every 2-4 hours during the day. Nurses requires an understanding
of the muscles that innervate the chest wall during breathing
3. In which anatomical directions do the muscle fibres in the external
obliques and rectus abdominus muscles lie?
.......................................................................................................
4. Comment on the relative size of the pectoralis major and the pectoralis
minor?
.......................................................................................................
5. Which two of the muscles above flex the spine?
.......................................................................................................
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Muscles of the arm
6. Now examine the models of the arm. Locate the muscles listed below and
label the diagrams below.
Note: Muscles into which intramuscular injections are administered are
indicated by **.
Pectoralis major Appendicular Muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior
Deltoid **
Anterior view
(Martini et al. 2015, p. 385)
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Coracoid process
of scapula
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Humerus
Coracobrachialis
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Brachioradialis
Biceps
brachii,
short head
Biceps brachii,
long head
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Triceps brachii,
medial head
Pronator
quadratus
Pronator teres
Triceps brachii,
long head
Flexor
retinaculum
Palmaris
longus
(Martini et al. 2015, p. 390)
7. What actions do the following muscles perform?
a. flexor carpi ulnaris
...................................................................................................
b. extensor carpi ulnaris
...................................................................................................
8. Where is the flexor carpi ulnaris located relative to the flexor carpi
radialis?
.......................................................................................................
9. What part of the name biceps brachii indicates its location?
.......................................................................................................
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10. While you are using this model, also to locate the:
Arm nerves
Location of nerve
Brachial plexus
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Knowing the nerves of the arm and their location along with their sensory
and motor functions is important when caring for the person who has
sustained a fracture to the bones in the arm. The physical assessment of
nerve function and blood supply distal to the fracture (#) location is known
as a neurovascular assessment. Nurses working in orthopaedics will need to
use this knowledge and these assessment skills regularly.
Note the position of the Axillary nerve. When fitting the person with crutches
it is essential that there are three fingers of width between the top of the
crutch and the start of the person’s underarm to prevent nerve compression
known as ‘Crutch palsy’.
Muscles of the head and neck
11. Examine the model of the human head and neck. Using the key provided,
identify the following muscles and then complete the diagram below:
Masseter
Buccinator
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
(Martini et al. 2015, p. 371)
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12. What is the origin and the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle?
.......................................................................................................
13. What broad general shapes do the a) trapezius muscle and b) deltoid
muscle resemble?
.......................................................................................................
14. What action is performed by the masseter muscle?
.......................................................................................................
Muscles of the leg
Examine the model of the upper and lower leg to identify and outline the
action of the following groups of or individual muscles. Note: Muscles into
which intramuscular injections are administered are again indicated by**.
15. Label the diagram below (Martini et al. 2015, p. 397):
Gluteal Group
Gluteus maximus**
Patellar
ligament
Sartorius
Vastus lateralis **
Patella
Iliotibial tract
Gluteus medius**
Semimembranosus
Tensor fasciae
latae
Rectus
femoris
Biceps femoris,
long head
Biceps femoris,
short head
Head of fibula
Plantaris
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16. Describe the anatomical location of the following muscles.
Gluteal muscles:
Gluteus maximus** is located posteriorly and superficially on the body
Gluteus medius **...........................................................................
Quadriceps femoris:
Vastus lateralis** ............................................................................
Vastus intermedius ..........................................................................
Vastus medialis ...............................................................................
Rectus femoris ................................................................................
Sartorius ........................................................................................
Adductors .......................................................................................
Magnus ..........................................................................................
Longus ...........................................................................................
Brevis ............................................................................................
17. Are the Hamstring muscles located on the anterior or posterior surface of
the femur?
.....................................................................................................
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18. Label the diagram of the lower leg muscles below (Martini et al. 2015,
p. 401):
Ankle Extensors
Tendon of extensor
hallucis longus
Gastrocnemius,
lateral head
Iliotibial tract
Head of fibula
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
Ankle Flexors
Superior extensor
retinaculum
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Digital Extensors
Calcaneal tendon
Soleus
19. While using this model, you should also try to identify the:
Sacral plexus ..................................................................................
Sciatic nerve ...................................................................................
Femoral nerve .................................................................................
20. A nursing student is to administer an intramuscular injection into the
patient’s buttock. The supervising Registered nurse (RN) asks the
following question of the nursing students: Where does the Sciatic nerve
travel after it originates from the spinal cord? Why did the RN ask the
question? And what is the answer?
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
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21. Under which gluteal muscle does the sciatic nerve lie?
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
22. What is the difference between the biceps femoris and the biceps brachii?
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
23. Give five reasons why the deltoid, vastus lateralis and gluteus medius
muscles are chosen as the sites for intramuscular injection.
1) ...................................................................................................
2) ...................................................................................................
3) ...................................................................................................
4) ...................................................................................................
5) ...................................................................................................
Below is an image from your Kozier text showing anatomical landmarks used by
the RN before administering an intramuscular injection into the Deltoid muscle
(Figure 36.37, Berman et al., 2012 p. 979):
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24. Label the following muscles by dragging the text boxes (Martin et al.
2015, p. 368):
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Brachialis
Palmaris longus
Sternocleidomastoid
Serratus anterior
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Deltoid
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Gluteus medius
Tibialis anterior
Flexor retinaculum
Extensor digitorum longus
Linea alba
Gracilis
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Tensor fasciae latae
Iliopsoas
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis
Triceps brachii Sartorius
Gastrocnemius
Adductor longus
Vastus medialis
Latissimus dorsi
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
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25. Label the following muscles by dragging on the text boxes (Martini et al.
2015, p. 369):
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Sternocleidomastoid
Extensor digitorum
Biceps femoris
Teres major
Trapezius
Deltoid
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Gracilis
Brachioradialis
External oblique
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Gluteus maximus
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus medius
Triceps brachii (long head)
Triceps brachii (lateral head)
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Adductor magnus
Tensor fasciae latae
You have now completed the week 8 A&P laboratory report. Save the
file. Upload the file via the submission link on FLO in week 8.
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