Download SCIENTIFIC METHOD

What is Earth Science? (obj 1)
Any area of science that deals with the composition, structure, and events or processes that
occur on Earth.
The Branches of Earth Science:
1.Geology The study of nature, formation, origin, and
development of Earth’s crust and its layers.
2. Oceanography: The study of the
biology, chemical composition, and structure of
the oceans.
3. Meteorology – The study of Earth’s
atmosphere (weather).
4. Astronomy – The study of outer space.
Earth’s Sphere’s
1. Biosphere: The biosphere contains all living things on Earth
2. The atmosphere includes all the gases that surround Earth.
3. The hydrosphere includes all the water found on Earth.
4. The geosphere contains the core, the mantle, and the crust of Earth.
Review:
1. What branch of science deals with stars & galaxies beyond the Earth?
2. Describe an interaction between 2 spheres of earth science.
3. A meteorologist does what for a job?
4. Give 3 examples of what we will discuss when we study geology.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
(obj 2)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD – The PROCESS used to find answers to questions about the world
around us.
STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
1. OBSERVATION / QUESTION of the natural world
2. HYPOTHESIS – If…Then … Statement
3. EXPERIMENT – Step by step- follow procedure
4. ANALYZE
5. CONCLUSION
COMMUNICATE RESULTS (publish/present at conferences)
CONTROL – a part of the experiment that is NOT being
COMPARISON.
VARIABLE – any part of an experiment that can CHANGE
tested and is used for
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – the part of the experiment that is CHANGED by the scientist
doing the experiment..(The If…)
DEPENDENT VARIABLE – the part of the experiment that is AFFECTED by the
independent variable … (The Then….)
Time to review & reflect….
1. How do you come up with a good question?
2. What is a hypothesis?
3. How do you make a conclusion?
4. What is the last step in the scientific method?
5. Why do you usually need more than one hypothesis for a question?
6. What is the first step in the Scientific Method?
7. Lying in bed you notice that you get cold every time your brother opens the door. This is
most closely associated with which step in the scientific method?
Mapping (Representing Earth’s Surface) (Obj 4)
•
Lines of Latitude: The distance north or south of the
equator; measured in degrees.
•
Equator – the line that circles the center of
Earth in east and west direction. Equator – the
line that circles the center of Earth in east and
west direction.
•
Tropic of Cancer – the line that circles
23.5o above the equator.
that circles
• Arctic Circle – the line
above the equator.
66o
• Tropic of Capricorn –
the line that circles 23.5o below the
equator.
•
•
Antarctic Circle – the line that circles 66o
below the equator.
Lines of Longitude : The distance east or west of the prime meridian;
measured in degrees.
o
•
Prime Meridian – the line that runs north to south at 0 longitude
(through Great Britain and Eastern Africa)
•
International Date Line – the line that runs north to south at 180o longitude
(through the Pacific Ocean).
Coordinates are written: (° latitude, ° longitude) or (°n/s, °e/w) : Label the Following:
90º N
45º N
0º Latitude
45º S
90º S
180º W
135º W
90º W
45º W
0º Longitude
45º E
90º E
135º E
180º E
Topographic Maps
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(Obj 5)
Description: a two-dimensional way of showing a threedimensional image of Earth’s elevations
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Importance: helps people like geologists, hikers, campers &
anyone else who deals with the importance of the height of the land.
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Contour Lines: used to help show the difference in elevation between adjacent lines on
paper
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Lines that are in a circle = hills / mountains
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Lines with smaller lines pointing inwards (hachure marks) = ponds / lakes / valleys
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Lines never touch or intersect
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A scale is usually given = distances (helps to show how a large area is represented in a
small picture)
Application:
1. What is the elevation at points:
A: _______ B: _______ C: ______
X: _______ & Y: ________
2. What is the elevation difference
between X & Y, Show your work….
3.
What is the contour interval of the map?
__________
4.
Check the scale and Calculate: ________
5.
What geographical feature is A?