Download Prepositions

EQ: How will a knowledge of phrases help me edit my papers?
GRAMMAR USAGE WITH
PHRASES
What is a Phrase?
 Group of words (either a noun or verb,
but NOT a subject and verb)
 (A subject & verb would be a clause.)
Prepositions:
Connecting Words
EQ: How do I write correctly with
prepositions and prepositional
phrases?
Prepositions are like bridges.
 They connect a noun/pronoun to the
sentence.
 Clue to identification: My elementary
school teacher used to say they are
anything a squirrel can do to a house.
For example:
 Under a house
 Over a house
 Into a house
 Beside a house
 Beneath a house
 Behind a house
 Within a house
 See P. 435 for complete list.
A preposition always has an
object (noun/pronoun).
 The object is called the object of the
preposition.
 The object is connected to the sentence
by the preposition.
 The object is always after the
preposition.
If it’s missing an object, . . .
 Then it’s a “bridge to nowhere”! Like
these . . .
 Where do you live at?
 What car are you riding in?
 What are you talking about?
 What are you thinking of?
 Where did you get it from?
Find the 4 prepositional
phrases.
 The squirrel ran up the tree, jumped onto
another tree, and stole the nut in the
branches from another squirrel.
Object of the preposition:
 Noun (can never be the subject)
 The girls in the club is/are preparing for
the tournament.
 The problem with our plans is/are the
details.
 Pronoun (use OBJECTIVE case)
 The present you got from me cost more
time than money.
 The space between you and I/me is
small.
Punctuation of Prep. Phrases:
 If more than 3 words & it’s at the
beginning of a sentence, use a comma.
 Because of my mistake, I could not go
on the trip.
 I could not go on the trip because of my
mistake.
 Find me examples of this on P. 436.
Fix these sentences, which contain
prepositional phrases.
 Just between you and me we need a plan.
 During the Civil War many families were torn
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apart.
After lunch, stop by my room.
One of the players were on the field.
Everyone of the girls have their prom dresses.
The file is on top of the desk, near the window.
 BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN YOUR RATIONALE.
Stop whining! Man up! Think analytically.
NOW LET’S DIAGRAM. YAY!
What’s under the hood?
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Noun/Pronoun
Antecedent
Subject: simple/complete
Verb
Predicate: simple/complete
Action
Transitive/Intransitive (DO)
IO S + VT + IO + DO
Linking (PA/PN)
Adjectives
Adverbs: how, when, where (main ones)
Modifiers (degrees)
Phrase
Clause
Preposition
Object of the preposition
Simple sentence
EQ: How can a knowledge of phrases contribute to revising and
editing my writing?
PHRASES (CONTIN.)
radio waves
receiver where
waves are collected
waves
converted into
electro signals
computer
received as signal
LET’S REVIEW
DIAGRAMMING. YAY!!
Polar Orbit
eccentric
orbit
low Earth
orbit
Geosynchronous
orbit
Review of Diagramming:
 The religious figure was her mentor for
the last year.
 She went with him to the dance
reluctantly.
 The textbook is next to my book bag on
the table.
 I gave her the letter from home
yesterday.
Review of Usage: Comma?
 After the school event we went to the
movies.
 We went to the movies after the school
event.
 In 1865 the Civil War ended.
 The Civil War ended in 1865.
Appositives are nouns or pronouns renaming the noun or pronoun
it follows.
Appositive phrases are nouns/pronouns and their modifiers.
APPOSITIVE PHRASES: P. 487
 Once upon a time in a
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
1. Jan is my best friend.
2. Jan promised to come with
me.
3. Jan, WHO IS MY BEST
FRIEND, promised to come
with me.
4. Jan, MY BEST FRIEND,
promised to come with me.
Mrs. Monteith, WHO IS THE
PRINCIPAL, stood outside.
Mrs. Monteith, THE
PRINCIPAL, stood outside.
land far, far away,
 Everyone spoke in
relative clauses ‘til
they found a better
way:
 The appositive phrase!
Examples:
 My mother, Sara Smith, works in the
front office.
 Our new principal, Mrs. Monteith, was an
English teacher once.
 Our assistant principal Mr. Odom is from
the Greenville area.
 DISCOVERY: Why do you think no
commas surround the last one?
RULE with Appositive
Phrases:
 If the second noun phrase that renames
the first noun is NECESSARY to
understanding whom you mean, then
use no comma set.
 If the second noun phrase is EXTRA
INFO that is not necessary, use a
comma set.
 Comma sets here mean we can take or
leave the info.
Commas or No?
 My dog Rover needs a vet appointment.
 According to your list of animals, your dog




Rover must have his shots.
I have known my best friend Jordan since first
grade.
Today I met a new friend Casey.
Highway 38 a newly paved road runs through
the countryside.
The Empire State Building a skyscraper in New
York is not the tallest building in the world now.
NOW DIAGRAM THESE!!
DOUBLE YAY!!!!!
READ 15.
Jr. G. B. status awards
VOC. CHARADES
Review appositives & prepositional
phrases on P. 495-496: Do first 5 in each.
Other Types of
Phrases with Verbs
VERBALS & VERBAL PHRASES:
Gerunds, participles, infinitives
P. 489
What is a verbal or verbal
phrase?
 A verbal is a verb working as another part
of speech (a noun or an adjective).
 A verbal phrase is a verbal with other
words assisting it, like a prepositional
phrase or an object.
 I like eating ice cream. (gerund)
 He prefers to ski. (infinitive)
 Worried, she called 911 finally. (participle)
Participles: Verbs that work as
adjectives (P. 489)
 Arriving late, I was nervous.
 The huge goldfish fed on the bread floating near the boat.
 Disappointed, my mother looked at me.
 Relieved at my passing grade, I threw my book bag into
the air. (2)
 The excited girl had just discovered a diamond ring
around her dog’s neck for her Christmas present.
 The coach, worried about the game, scheduled an extra
practice.
 The teenager in front of me, fidgeting anxiously, seemed
upset.
Extra Practice: P. 497 – Ex. 2
PRACTICE: P. 490 – EX. 8 & 9
Dangling or misplaced participles (P. 392-3, 637-639)
USAGE PROBLEMS WITH
PARTICIPLES
Whoo-hoo! Let’s start with the last 2 on the phrase worksheet.
NOW LET’S DIAGRAM THEM!!!
Participles: Verbs that work as
adjectives (P. 489)
 Arriving late, I was nervous.
 The huge goldfish fed on the bread floating near the boat.
 Disappointed, my mother looked at me.
 Relieved at my passing grade, I threw my book bag into
the air. (2)
 The excited girl had just discovered a diamond ring
around her dog’s neck for her Christmas present.
 The coach, worried about the game, scheduled an extra
practice.
 The teenager in front of me, fidgeting anxiously, seemed
upset.
Correct # 2, 11, 14, & 20 on P. 639. Today’s work will be turned in.
MISPLACED OR DANGLING
PARTICIPIALS
P. 647 – Do the odd ones on Ex. 6 & Ex. 7.
MORE MISPLACED OR
DANGLING PARTICIPIALS
Correct these:
 I saw two squirrels riding my bike in the
park.
 We caught a butterfly using a net.
 Making a nest for their young, Alex and
Maria saw two birds in a big tree near
the parking lot.
Now diagram your corrected versions. Turn this work thus far in.
REVIEW DIAGRAMMING:
Infinitives (P. 492)
 To + verb (not noun/pronoun – then it
would be a prepositional phrase.)
 Examples: To go
 To come
 To eat at my house
 To run fast
 Non-example: to my house
Infinitives can work in many
noun/adj./adv. roles (P. 492).
 Subject: To eat was his passion.
 Object: I love to eat. (DO)
 To play football was his dream.
 I like to ski.
 He prefers to water ski on the lake in the
summer.
Extra Practice: P. 499 – Ex. 5
PRACTICE: P. 492 – EX. 11
Usage Problem:
 Don’t split an infinitive EVER.
 I decided to not go.
 I promised to never give him her
number.
 “to boldly go where no man has ever
gone before” – Star Trek . . . YIKES!
NOW DIAGRAM THESE!!
TRIPLE YAY!!!!!
Diagram:
 To play football was his dream. (subject)
 I like to ski. (object)
 He prefers to water ski on the lake in the
summer. (object)
 I decided not to go. (object)
 I promised never to give him her
number. (object with IO & DO!!
mind-blaster – BE CAREFUL).
Put them above the main line.
IF THEY ARE WORKING AS
SUBJECTS OR DIRECT
OBJECTS . . .
If they are another part of
speech, they might go below.
 To make the team stressed his reserves
of strength. (subject)
 To make the team, he practiced daily.
(adv.)
 He was eager to eat. (adv.)
 He had a tendency to eat. (adj.)
INFINITIVE PHRASES – P. 499
REVIEW OF 2 TYPES OF
VERBALS
Verbals Thus Far
Participial Phrases
 -ing or –ed endings
 Unless irregular verbs
 Adjectives (describing
nouns/pronouns)
 Diagram UNDER the
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noun/pronoun.
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Infinitive Phrases
To + verb
NOT to + noun/pronoun
(prep. phrase)
Subjects/objects/
adjectives/adverbs)
Diagram ABOVE if
subject/DO.
Diagram UNDER if adj./
adv.
Participle or Infinitive Phrase?
 The young teacher hoped to gain her
credentials by March.
 The old collie, lying in the shade, rarely
ran or played.
 Romping mischievously, the tiny puppy
was running through the tall grass.
 Frustrated, the teenager stared at the
wall.
 To make the colorguard required
dexterity and commitment.
What part of speech is it?
 The young teacher hoped to gain her
credentials by March.
 The old collie, lying in the shade, rarely
ran or played.
 Romping mischievously, the tiny puppy
was running through the tall grass.
 Frustrated, the teenager stared at the
wall.
 To make the colorguard required
dexterity and commitment.
What part of speech is it?
 The young teacher hoped to gain her
credentials by March. (what? DO)
 The old collie, lying in the shade, rarely
ran or played. (describes collie – adj.)
 Romping mischievously, the tiny puppy
was running through the tall grass.
(describes puppy – adj.)
 Frustrated, the teenager stared at the
wall. (describes teen – adj.)
 To make the colorguard required
dexterity and commitment. (subj.)
What part of speech is it?
 The young teacher hoped to gain her
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


credentials by March. (what? DO - above)
The old collie, lying in the shade, rarely ran or
played. (describes collie – adj. - under)
Romping mischievously, the tiny puppy was
running through the tall grass. (describes puppy
– adj. - under)
Frustrated, the teenager stared at the wall.
(describes teen – adj. - under)
To make the colorguard required dexterity and
commitment. (subj. - above)
Differentiate between them on the worksheet.
Usage Practice: Fix these.
 The boy saw the alligators walking over
the bridge at Barefoot Landing.
 Standing at the top of the mountain, the
view is breath-taking.
 If you want to win, a person has to be
committed.
 From my experience I can tell you to
never try the hot wings there.
 She hardly never does her work.
Gerunds: verbs ending in –ing
that work as nouns (P. 491)
 Subject: Skiing is my passion.
 Object: I love skiing. (DO)
 What other verbal can end in –ing?
 What is the difference between the two?
Extra Practice: P. 498
PRACTICE: P. 491
Usage: Non-examples & Examples
 If a noun or pronoun is in front of the gerund, then the
noun or pronoun should be possessive case, not
objective case.
 Him being here is disturbing.
 His being here is disturbing.
 John coming over could be disastrous.
 John’s coming over could be disastrous.
 I like them coming to the house for Easter.
 I like their coming to the house for Easter.
Usage Practice: Fix these.
 Do you think him coming over will be a
distraction?
 Nick trying on the tuxedo for the prom
was a disaster when he bent over and
burst the pants wide open at the store!
 Her prom dress was becoming a
frustrating shopping experience because
of Joan criticizing all her friend’s choices.
NOW DIAGRAM THESE!!
QUADRUPLE YAY!!!!!
BE CAREFUL: One is NOT a
gerund.
 Swimming is a tough sport.
 I love skiing.
 His being here at this time is
inappropriate.
 She is crying over the incident.
 John’s coming here could be disastrous.
 I like their coming to the house for
Easter.