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Download PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL I. The Skull a.
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Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL I. The Skull a. A human skeleton consists of ______________(#) bones that, except for the lower jaw (mandible) are firmly interlocked along ___________________ i. Definition of suture: b. Two Main Parts of the Skull: i._____________________________ 1. Number of bones: 2. Main functions of the bones: 3. Some cranial bones contain air-‐filled cavities called ____________________________, which are lined with mucous membranes and connect by passageways to the nasal cavity. 4. Sinuses reduced the ________________ of the skull and increase the intensity of the ______________ by serving as resonant sound chambers. 5. Bones of the skull: Major Parts of the Location of the Major What does this part Markings/Special Differences in Cranium Part form? Features/Appearance Infants vs. Adults 1. FRONTAL BONE -‐Anterior portion -‐Forehead, roof of -‐Supraorbital foramen on -‐Single bone in above the eyes nasal cavity, roof of upper portion of orbits adults; two bones in orbits (eye sockets) -‐Two frontal sinuses infants (fuse at age above the eyes 5-‐6) 2. PARIETAL BONE -‐Each side of the skull -‐Bulging sides and -‐Shaped like a curved behind the frontal bone roof of cranium plate and has four borders -‐Fused at midline along the sagittal suture -‐Meet frontal bone along the coronal suture Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL 3. OCCIPITAL BONE 4. TEMPORAL BONE -‐Joins pariteal bones along the lamboid suture -‐Back of the skull & base of cranium -‐Foramen magnum on lower surface What two things forms a connection here? -‐Rounded occipital condyles on each side of foramen magnum articulate with the vertebrate of the vertebral column -‐On each side of the -‐Parts of the sides and -‐External acoustic skull the base of the (auditory) meatus – leads -‐Joins parietal bone cranium to inner part of the ear along squamous suture -‐ Mainibular fossae: articulate with condyles & mandibles -‐Mastoid process What does this provide attachments for? -‐Styloid process (below each auditory meatus) What muscles does this process anchor? -‐Caratoid canal: opening Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL 5. SPHENOID BONE -‐Wedged between bones of anterior part of the cranium 6. ETHMOID BONE -‐In front of the sphenoid bone that transmits the internal caotid artery -‐Jugular formane: accommodates the jugular vein -‐Zygomatic process: projects from temporal bone & connects to zygomatic bone What does this help form? -‐Base of cranium, -‐Central part and two sides of the skull, & winglike structures that floors and sides of extend laterally toward orbits each side of the skull -‐Sella turcica: saddle-‐ shaped; along midline; indention What is held here? -‐Two sphenoidal sinuses side by side separated by septum that projects into the nasal cavity -‐Part of the roof of the -‐Two masses, one on each nasal cavity side of nasal cavity, which -‐Sections of the are joined horizontally by cranial floor, orbital thin cribriform plates walls & nasal cavity -‐Olfactory foramina: Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL walls What are the nerves associated with that pass through here? -‐Perpendicular plate projects downward in the midline from the cribriform plates to form most of the nasal septum -‐Superior nasal concha (scroll shaped plates) & middle nasal concha project inward from lateral portions of etmoid bone toward perpendicular plate (support mucus membranes that line nasal cavity) -‐Ethmoidal sinuses: lateral portions of etmoid bone; small air spaces -‐Crista galli: projects upward into cranial cavity between cribriform plates; triangular shaped; membranes that enclose the brain attach to this process Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL ii. _____________________________ 1. Number of bones: 2. Description: Major Categories of Facial Bones 1. MAXILLARY BONES Location of the Major Part What does this part form? -‐Upper jaw -‐Keystone of the face (all other immovable facial bones articulate with them) -‐Anterior roof of mouth (hard palate) -‐Floors of orbits -‐Sides & floor of nasal cavity Markings/Special Features/Appearance -‐Maxillary sinuses: inside the maxillae, lateral to the nasal cavity (largest of sinuses and extends from the floor of the orbits to the roof of upper teeth) -‐Palatine processes: forms anterior portion Differences in Infants vs. Adults -‐Palantine processes in developing fetus are not fused in infants; fuse together during development at the midline or median palatine suture -‐What does an incomplete fusion of the palatine Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL 2. PALATINE BONES -‐Behind the maxillae 3. ZYGOMATIC BONES 4. LACRIMAL BONES -‐Between the ethmoid bone & maxilla -‐Posterior section of the hard palate -‐Floor of nasal cavity -‐Perpendicular portions help form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity -‐Lateral walls and floors of orbits -‐Prominences of cheeks of hard palate -‐Alveolar process: inferior border of each maxillary bone that projects down; together forms a horseshoe shape alveolar arch (teeth occupy this cavity) -‐Dense connective tissue binds teeth to the bony sockets -‐L-‐shaped processes of the maxillae cause in infants? What problems can this cause? What can be done to correct this? -‐Temporal process: extends posteriorly to join the zygomatic processes of a temporal bone -‐Part of medial walls of -‐Thin, scale-‐like orbits -‐Groove in anterior portion that leads from the orbit to nasal cavity to provide pathway for a channel Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL 5. NASAL BONES 6. VOMER BONE -‐Along midline within -‐Nasal septum the nasal cavity -‐Joins perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone -‐Attached to lateral walls of the nasal cavity -‐Below the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone -‐Lower jawbone 7. INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE 8. MANDIBLE -‐Bridge of nose What does this channel carry? -‐Long, thin, rectangular -‐Lie side-‐by-‐side & are fused at the midline What attaches to these bones? -‐Thin & flat -‐Fragile, scroll-‐like -‐Support mucous membranes within the nasal cavity -‐Horizontal, horseshoe-‐ shaped body with a flat ramus projecting upward at each end -‐Rami divided into posterior manibular condyle (articulate Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL with manibular fossae of the temporal bones) & anterior coronoid process (provide attachment for muscles used in chewing) -‐Alveolar Border – contains hollow sockets that bear the lower teeth -‐Mandibular foramen What purpose does this serve? -‐Mental foramen – branches of blood vessels & nerve emerge from mandible and travel through; opens on outside near point of jaw What does this supply? Name: _________________________________ PHYSIOLOGY 336 – THE SKULL
