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Unit 7: Plants Wildcats Share • Brainstorm, with the other person at your table, and make a list of everything that you use in a day that comes from plants. • Brainstorm some characteristics that ALL plants have in common. An Overview of Plants Botany • The study of plants is __________ Plants tree • ________ surround you when you climb a _______, walk on nature nice cool grass, or hike a _________ trail fruits flowers • Plants include trees, _________, vegetables, _________, and field crops 300,000 260,000 • Between __________ and __________ plant species have been discovered • Scientists think there are many plant species that have yet to Tropical ____________ rainforests be discovered, mostly in _________ An Overview of Plants microscopic to giant • Plants range in size from ____________ roots or rootlike structures to hold them in the • Most have _______ _________ ground or to some other object adapted to nearly every environment, from • Plants are _________ _______ polar regions to _________ deserts • ______ plants need water, but some cannot live unless they All are submerged in either ____________ salt water freshwater or ______ An Overview of Plants cells • Plants are made of ______ walls that provide __________ structure and • Plants cells have cell _______ protection chlorophyll • Many plants contain the green pigment ____________, so most plants are _______ green • Plants need chlorophyll to make _______ using a process food photosynthesis called _______________ cell structure called • Chlorophyll is found in a ______ _____________ chloroplasts An Overview of Plants green parts of a plant usually contain • Plant cells from _______ chloroplasts many _____________ large • Most plant cells have a _______, membrane-bound structure called the _________ _______ that takes up most of the Central vacuoles space inside of the cell important roll in regulating the • This structure plays an ___________ _______ water content of the cell substances vacuole • Many ____________ are stored in the _________ An Overview of Plants first plants that lived on ______ land probably could • The ______ damp areas survive only in _______ algae that ancestors were probably ancient green _______ • Their __________ lived in the ______ sea organisms that use • Algae are one-celled or many-celled ___________ food photosynthesis to make ______ same types of • Today plants and green algae have the _______ chlorophyll ____________ and carotenoids in their cells An Overview of Plants Carotenoids are red, yellow, or orange __________ pigments that • ____________ also are used for photosynthesis facts lead scientists to think that plants and • These ______ green algae have a __________ common ancestor _______ An Overview of Plants animals • The fossil record for plants is not like that for __________ bones or other hard parts that can • Most animals have ________ fossilize _________ before they become fossilized • Plants usually decay ________ fossil plants are about _____ 420 million years old • The oldest _______ early plants are similar to ancient _______ green • Some fossils of ______ algae An Overview of Plants hypothesize that some of these early plants • Scientists ____________ evolved into the plants that exist today _________ An Overview of Plants Cone-bearing evolved • ______________ plants, such as pines, probably _________ 300 million years from a group of plants that grew about ______ ago estimated • It is ___________that flowering plants did not exist until 120 million years ago about ______ origin of flowering plants is _____ not • However, the exact _______ known An Overview of Plants land has some ___________ advantages for plants • Life on ______ carbon dioxide, needed for sunlight and _________ • More __________ photosynthesis, are available on land than in ________ water oxygen • During photosynthesis, plants give off _________ adapted to life on • Long ago, as more and more plants _________ atmosphere _______, the amount of oxygen in Earth’s _____________ land increased organisms that depend on • This was the beginning of ___________ oxygen An Overview of Plants water can perform photosynthesis • Plants that only live in ________ food to make their own _______, and have materials enter and membrane and cell wall leave through their cell ____________ everything survive • They have ____________ they need to _________, as long as they have water • What do you think would happen to the algae if the pond dried up? An Overview of Plants out of the algae cells, • As the mud dries up water moves ______ because water moves from areas of higher concentrations to lower areas of ________ concentrations die • Eventually the algae will _____ land have _____________ adaptations • Plants that live on ______ that allow them to __________ conserve water, and other differences that make is possible for hem to survive An Overview of Plants Cuticle secreted • _________a waxy, protective layer ___________ by cells surface of a plants. Covers the stems, onto the _________ _________, and flowers of many plants. leaves slows • The cuticle ________ the loss of water Supporting • ____________ themselves is another problem for land plants walls that contain cellulose to address • Plants have cell _______ this problem An Overview of Plants Cellulose • ___________-is a chemical compound that plants can make sugar out of ________ long chains, that form tangled fibers, • Cellulose forms _______ that provide ___________ and support structure trees • Some plants, like _______, can secrete other substances into the cellulose that make the cell wall even __________ stronger • What part of trees can be used for building structures? An Overview of Plants • Life on land means that each plant cell is not surrounded by nutrients that can move _________ directly water and dissolved __________ into the cell adaptations • Through ____________, structures developed in many plants that distribute water, nutrients, and food to _____ all plant cells. Like _______ ________ in our bodies Blood vessels • These structures also help provide _________ for the plant support An Overview of Plants reproduction were necessary if plants were • Changes in _____________ survive too _________ on land spores helped some • The presence of water-resistant ________ plants reproduce successfully seeds • Other plants adapted by producing water-resistant ________ in _______ cones or in flowers that developed into _______ fruits An Overview of Plants • Generally members of a kingdom are divided into phylum's, divisions in the plant kingdom they are divided into __________ vascular and nonvascular • Plants can also be grouped into _________ Vascular plants carry • _________ _______- have tube-like structures that _______ water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant Nonvascular_______plants • ___________ do NOT have these tube-like structures and use ________ other ways to move water and substances An Overview of Plants pecan tree Carya illinoiensis and a • Why do biologists call a ________ white ______ oak tree Quercus alba? naming • They are using words and ____________ accurately and uniquely _______ the plant simple system for organizing plants that survived • There was a ________ until the late _____________ eighteenth century • At that time _________ ________ developed a new system Carolus Linnaeus characteristics to _________ classify a • His new system used many ______________ plant An Overview of Plants • Linnaeus also developed a way to name plants and other Binomial nomenclature organism called ___________ ___________ unique • Under this system every plant species is given a _________ two-word name animals and other organisms • This system is also used for _________ An Overview of Plants • Binomial nomenclature rules: Latin • Every name is in _______ italics • Names are always in ________ capitalized • The first same is always _____________ and the second name is always ____________ lowercase Seedless Plants Nonvascular seeds and they • _____________ plants, don’t grow from ________ parts other plants have do not have all the _______ hornwort mosses liverwort Seedless Plants • Nonvascular plants are usually just a ______ few cells thick and only _____ 2-3 cm in height stalks that look like stems, and green • Most have ________ leaflike growths _________ anchor Rhizoids • __________threadlike structures that _________ nonvascular plants to the ground roots • These plants have rhizoids instead of _______ Seedless Plants damp • Most nonvascular plants grow in places that are _______ directly through absorbed and distributed _________ • Water is __________ their cell membranes and walls spores • These plants reproduce by _________ Seedless Plants • Most nonvascular plants are classified as _________ mosses growths • They are green, leaflike _________, arranged around a central _______ stalk many cells • Their rhizoids are made of _______ caps grow from moss plants • Sometimes stalks with ______ Spores are produced in these caps • ________ Seedless Plants rocks ground • Mosses often grow on tree trunks, _______, or the ________ damp areas • They are commonly found in _______ deserts • Some mosses have adapted to living in _________ Seedless Plants Liverworts are another group of nonvascular and seedless • ___________ plants ninth century, liverworts were thought to he useful • In the _______ in treating diseases of the ______ liver • The suffix –wort means “______”, so the work liverwort herb means “herb for the _______” liver • These plants have __________ flattened leaflike bodies one • They usually have ______-celled rhizoids Seedless Plants hornworts • The last group are ___________ 2.5 cm in diameter and have a • These are less than _____ flattened body like liverworts __________ chloroplast in each of • Almost all hornworts have only one ___________ their ______ cells • Hornworts get their name from their spore-producing structures ____________, which look like tiny horns of ________ cattle Seedless Plants Mosses and liverworts are important in the _________ ecology of • _________ many areas moist • Although they require ________ conditions to grow and ____________, many of them can withstand long, ______ reproduce dry periods thin soil and in soils where other plants • They can grow in ______ could ______ not grow Seedless Plants Spores of mosses and liverworts are carried by the • ________ wind _______ growing • They will grow into plants if __________ conditions are right new or • Mosses often are among the first plants to grow in ______ lava fields or after a disturbed environments, such as ______ ________ forest fire first to grow • _________ _______- organisms that are the ______ Pioneer plants in new or disturbed areas Seedless Plants die • As pioneer plants grow and ______ decaying material builds up ________ rocks builds _____ soil • This along with the slow breakdown of _______ organisms can more • When enough soil has formed, other ___________ into the area Seedless Plants vascular • Seedless __________ plants ferns and mosses are alike in ______ one way, both • _______ seeds reproduce by spores instead of ________ mosses because they have • Ferns are different from _________ _________ vascular tissue Seedless Plants seedless • The vascular tissue in __________ vascular plants is made up tube-like of long __________ cells nutrients • These cells carry water, ___________, and food to cells throughout the plant Nonvascular plants are usually only a ______ few cells thick • _____________ because each cell _________ absorbs water ________ directly from the environment large • As a result these plants cannot grow _______ Seedless Plants Vascular plants can grow ________ bigger and thicker because • __________ they vascular tissue ___________ distribute water and nutrients to all plant cells 1,000 species of ground pines, spike • Besides ferns about ________ horsetails mosses and __________are known to exist 12,000 known • Ferns are more abundant with at least ________ species • Many species of seedless vascular plants are known only from ________ fossils Seedless Plants warm moist • These kinds of plants flourished during a _______, 360 268 period ______-______million years ago 15 meters • Fossil records show that some horsetails grew ____ tall, unlike modern species which grow only ______ 1-2 meters tall • What do you think allowed these plants to get so tall in the past? Seedless Plants ferns • The largest group of seedless vascular plants is the ________ stems roots • They have ________, leaves, and _______ fronds • Ferns leaves are called _________ spores • Ferns produce _________ in structures that are usually found on the ___________of their fronds underside Seedless Plants Thousands • ____________ species of ferns now grow on Earth, but many long ago more existed ______ clues left in rock layers, scientists infer that about • From _______ ______ 360 million years ago much of Earth was _________ tropical swamps covered large areas • Steamy _________ ferns that grew as tall • The tallest plants were species of _______, 25 meters as _____ tree ferns are ______ 3-5 meters tall and • Most modern _______ grow in _________ tropical regions of the world Seedless Plants • Ground pines and spike mosses are groups of plants that often are called ______ club mosses ferns mosses • They are more closely related to _______ than to _________ Needle-like • These plants have _____________ leaves stems Spores are produced at the end of the _________ • ________ in pine cones structures that look like tiny _______ Ground pines are found from ________ arctic regions to the • _________ tropics Seedless Plants large • Ground pines are rarely found in ________ numbers endangered because they have • In some areas, they are ____________ been over collected to make wreaths and other __________ decorations Seedless Plants Spike • ________ mosses resemble ground pines resurrection plant, is species of spike moss, the _____________ • One _________ adapted to desert conditions water is scarce, the plant curls up and seems • When ________ ________ dead available • When water becomes ___________, the resurrection plant unfurls and its _________ leaves and begin making _______ green food again Seedless Plants stem structure of ___________ horsetails • The _______ is unique among the vascular plants jointed and has a • The stems is _________ hallow center surrounded by a ring of vascular ___________ tissue • At each joint, leaves grow from _________ around the stem Seedless Plants spores in a cone-like structure at the • Horsetails produce _________ tips of some of its stems ______ silica stems contain ________, • The ________ a gritty substance found in sand polishing • For centuries horsetails have been used for ___________ objects, _____________ tools, and scouring cooking utensils sharpening rush • Another common name is scouring _______ Seedless Plants seedless • When many ancient ___________ plants died they became water submerged in _________ and mud before they decomposed built compacted • As this plant matter ________ up, it became ____________ and eventually turned into _______ coal millions • This process to __________ or years bogs • Today a similar proves is taking place in _______, which are drained areas of land that contain decaying plants poorly _________ mosses and • These plants are mostly seedless plants like __________ ferns Seedless Plants waterlogged • When bog plants die, the _____________ soil slows the decay _________ process decaying • Over time, these ___________ plants are compressed into a substance called _______ peat mined fuel • Peat is _________ from bogs and used as a low-cost _______ in places like Ireland and Russia Seedless Plants One-third of Ireland’s energy • Peat supplies about ___________ requirements layers • Scientist hypothesize that over time, it additional _________ compact of soil bury, __________, and compress the peat, it will become ______ coal Seedless Plants houseplants or use them to • Many people keep ferns as _____________ shady landscape _________ areas weaving • They also can be used as____________ material for __________ basketry mosses are also used for gardening • Peat and sphagnum _________ conditioner • Peat is an excellent soil _____________ line • Sphagnum mosses are often used to _______ hanging baskets Seedless Plants eaten some seedless vascular plants can be ________ • Parts of ________ • Seedless plants have been used as folk ___________ medicine for hundreds of years Seed plants food • A lot of our ________ comes from seed plants seed • Most of the plants you are familiar with are ________ plants roots • Most seed plants have leaves, stems, ________, and vascular tissue embryo • They produce seeds that usually contain an __________ and stored ________ food energy • The stored food is the source of __________ for the embryo’s early _________ growth as it develops into a plant Seed plants identified in • Most of the plant species that have been ___________ the world today are ________ plants seed • Seed plants are generally classified into two major groups, gymnosperms _______________ and _____________ angiosperms Seed plants leaves • Most seed plants have _________ food organs • Leaves are the _________ of the plant where the ________ making process usually occurs shapes colors • Leaves come in many _________, sizes, and ________ Seed plants Seed plants leaf layers • A typical _______ is made of several different __________ of cells lower surface of a leaf is a _______ thin • On the upper and ________ layer of cells called the ____________, which covers and epidermis __________ protects the leaf • A waxy _________ coats the epidermis of some leaves cuticle Stoma opening • _________small ___________ in the epidermis which allow carbon dioxide, water and __________ to enter and exit the oxygen leaf Seed plants Guard cells • ________ _______- open and ________ the stoma close palisade • Just below the upper epidermis is the ___________ layer long • It consists of closely packed, _______, narrow cells that usually contain many _____________ chloroplasts • Since this layer contains a lot of chloroplasts what do you think this layer might make a lot of? • Why do you think it if beneficial for this layer to be under the upper epidermis and not closer to the bottom of the leaf? Seed plants • Between the palisade layer and the ________ epidermis is lower the __________ layer spongy cells separated by ______ air • It is a layer of loosely arranged _______ spaces veins containing vascular tissue are found in the • In a leaf, _______ _________ spongy layer Seed plants • The ________ of a tree is really the stem of a tree trunk above • Stems are usually located _________ ground and support the branches, leaves, and _______________ structures reproductive • Materials move between leaves and roots through the __________ tissue in the stem vascular Seed plants • Plant stems are either _____________ or _________ herbaceous woody soft and ________ green • Herbaceous stems usually are _______ • Examples: rigid • Woody stems are hard, ________, and woody • Examples: Seed plants • The ________ system of most plants are as larger or larger roots aboveground than the _______________ stems and leaves Water enter • _________ and other substances _________ a plant through its roots • What structure do you think roots have that allows them to move these substances to other areas? Seed plants anchors • Roots act as __________, preventing plants from being wind blown away by ________ or washed away by moving water ________ part or all of the root structure are • Sometimes _______ aboveground ______________ too food • Roots can store _______ • Example: Carrots Seed plants growing • Plants that continue __________ from year to year use this growth stored food to begin new __________ in the spring dry areas often have roots that store • Plants that grow in ______ __________ water large • The root systems of plants must be ________ • How could planting a large tree close to a building cause a problem? Seed plants vascular • ________ tissues usually make up the ___________system Three in a seed plant Xylem hollow • _________-tissue made up of __________, tubular cells that stacked are __________ one on top of the other to form a structure called a _________ vessel dissolved • These vessels transport water and ____________ substances from the roots ______________ the plant throughout support • The thick cell walls also help __________ the plant Seed plants Phloem tubular • __________a plant tissues also made up of __________ tubes cells that are stacked in form structures called ________ vessels • Tubes are different from _________ food from where it is made to other • These move ________ ________ stored parts of the plant where it is used or _________ Seed plants Cambium • __________tissue __________ between the xylem and phloem that cells produces most of the new xylem and phloem _______ thickness • This growth increases the____________ the thickness of stems and ________ roots Seed plants • The __________ trees alive are gymnosperms oldest Gymnosperms • _______________vascular plants that produce seeds that that are not ___________ by _______ protected fruit Greek • The word gymnosperm comes from the _________ language and means “________ _______” Naked seed flowers • These plants do not have __________ Needle-like • Leaves are _____________ or scale-like Seed plants evergreens • Many gymnosperms are called ____________ because some ________ green leaves always remain on their branches • Gymnosperms can be broken up into four divisions: __________, cycads, ____________, and gnetophytes conifers ginkgoes • All conifers produce _______ two types of cones, male and female • _______ types usually are found on the _______ same plant Both female cone but not on the male • Seeds develop on the _________ Seed plants Angiosperms flowers • ______________vascular plant that __________ and seeds produces fruits with one or more ________ flower fruit develops from the _________ • The _______ familiar • Angiosperms are very ___________ because they grow almost _____________ everywhere • More than _______ half the known species of plants belong to this division Seed plants size • The _________ of angiosperms vary in ______, shape, and flowers color _______ recognized easily • Some plants have flowers that are not ____________ as flowers flower • Some _________ parts develop into a fruit two groups, the monocots • Angiosperms are divided into ______ dicots and the ________ Seed plants cotyledon food • A ___________ is a part of a seed often used for _______ storage Monocots one cotyledon inside their seeds • ____________have ______ • Examples: Rice, corn, wheat, bananas Mono = one • ________ two cotyledons inside their seeds Dicots • __________have ______ • Examples: Peanuts, green beans, peas, apples Seed plants • The life cycles of angiosperms vary greatly • Some plants complete their life cycle in less than a month ________, others can take as long as a __________ century • Angiosperms that complete their life cycles within a annuals ________ are called _________ and must grow from seeds year every year Biennials complete their life cycle within ______years two • ___________ • Angiosperms that take more than two years are called ____________ perennials Seed plants Seed plants have many uses in our daily lives • ________ Paper cotton • _________, wood for desks, and __________ for clothes bread come from seed plants • Fruits and ________ Milk • ________, hamburgers and hot dogs come form animals that eat ______ seed plants Seed plants Conifers • ___________ are the most economically important gymnosperm wood paper • Most of the _________ used for construction and ________ production comes from these trees Resin • ________, a waxy substance secreted by conifers, is used to soap paint, and some medicine make chemicals found in _______, Seed plants • The most economically important plants on Earth are the angiosperms _____________ diets • They form the basis of the ________ of most animals grew • First plants that humans ________ fibers used in clothing • Also a source of many of the ________
