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Transcript
Darwin and Wallace Evolution • • • • Define evolution Define natural selection Conditions for evolution to occur Define adaptation Natural Selection Pressures • Abiotic (Non-living) • Biotic (Living) • All act in concert Abiotic Selection Pressures • • • • Moisture Disturbance Soil conditions Probably less stressful than other habitats Biotic Selection Pressure • Predation • Competition • Sexual selection – Matc competition – Mate choice Matc Competition • Intrasexual selection Matc Choice • Intersexual selection Red-Capped Manakin Sexual dimorphism Adaptive Radiation • Rapid diversification – Cichlids in Africa – Finches in Galapagos – Bats in Neotropics Adaptations – Cryptic Species Aposematic Coloration Diversity Gradient Why are the tropics so diverse? • • • • Stability-Time Hypothesis Interspecific Competition Hypothesis Predation Hypothesis Productivity-Resources Hypothesis Stability-Time Hypothesis • A stable habitat that has been around for a long time is more likely to accumulate species • Unlikely • Speciation can be rapid (adaptive radition) Interspecific Competition Hypothesis • Law of Competitive Exclusion and Resource Partitioning • High levels of competition have led to high degree of specialization and species “packing” Predation Hypothesis • Predators reduce interspecific competition, allowing more species to co-exist Productivity-Resources Hypothesis • Lots of productivity and lots of vegetative complexity for species to exploit Biogeography • Match current distribution of organisms with evolutionary history – Includes consideration of geologic events, including continental movement and formation of barriers (such as mountains) Biodiversity • Diversity is described by richness and evenness What is biodiversity? • Biodiversity exists at several scales – Genetic Diversity - Measures variety of different versions of same genes – Species Diversity - Measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community – Ecological Diversity - Measures richness and complexity of a community What is a species ? • There are several different definitions for species • We will define species in terms of reproductive isolation – A species is all the organisms potentially able to breed in nature and produce fertile offspring How many species are there ? • Currently 1.7 million species identified • Estimates range between 3-50 million – May be 30 million insect species – Invertebrates make up 70% of all known species, and probably most of yet to be discovered species Where is biodiversity high? • Only 10-15% of species identified are found in North America and Europe • Greatest concentration of species in tropical rainforests and coral reefs • Biodiversity hotspots – Have exceptional numbers of endemic species Biodiversity hotspots Hotspots • Identified “hotspots” contain: – 44% of the world’s known species of plants – 28% of the birds – 30% of mammals – 38% of reptiles – 54% of amphibian species • All in an area of 1.4% of the world’s total land surface! Why do we care about losing biodiversity? • Direct economic value • Indirect economic value • Ethical and aesthetic values Benefits of biodiversity • Food – As many as 80,000 edible wild plant species could be utilized by humans Benefits of biodiversity • Drugs and medicines – More than half of all prescriptions contain some natural product – Pharmaceutical companies actively prospect tropical countries for products – Rosy periwinkle Ecological services • Ecological functions that we do not pay for directly – Processing air pollution – Purifying wastewater – Providing clean water – Carrying out photosynthesis – Creating soil • Ecological services are included in ecological economics Benefits of biodiversity • Aesthetic and cultural benefits – Cultural diversity inextricably linked to biodiversity – Ecotourism can be an important form of sustainable economic development – Existence (intrinsic) value Costa Rican Organisms BIRDS Aves • ~850 species of birds in Costa Rica – (~400 in Ohio) • • • • • • • Wing bars Chest color/pattern Eye ring Eye stripes Tail pattern Size Behavior Tinamous Tinimidae Great Tinamou (Tinamus major) Ducks Anatidae Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) Blue-Winged Teal (Anas discors) Grebes Podicipedidae Least Grebe (Tachybaptus dominicus) Chicken-like birds Cracidae Great Carrasow (Crax rubra) Gray-headed Chacalauca (Ortalis cinereiceps) Crested Guan (Penelope purpurascens) Quails Odontophoridae Crested Bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) Pelicans Pelicanidae Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) Anhingas Anhingidae Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) Frigatebirds Frigatidae Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) Storks Ciconidae Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) Herons Ardeidae Bare-throated Tiger Heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum) Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) Great Egret (Ardea alba) Spoonbills and Ibises Threskiornithidae Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) White Ibis (Eudocimus albus) New World Vultures Cathartidae Black Vulture (Coragyps attratus) King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) Hawks and Eagles Accipitrae Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Bicolor Hawk (Accipiter bicolor) Hook-Billed Kite (Chondrohierax uncinatus) Swallow-Tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus) Broad-Winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) Falcons Falconidae Laughing Falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway) Rails Rallidae Gray-necked Wood Rail (Anamides cajanea) Jacanas Jacanidae Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) Limpkin Aramidae Limpkin (Aramus guarauna) Plovers Charadriidae Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) Sandpipers Scolopacidae Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) Gulls and Terns Laridae Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla) Royal Tern (Thallasseus maximus) Pigeons and Doves Columbidae Red-Billed Pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala) Parrots Psittacidae Crimson-Fronted Parakeet (Avatinga finschi) White-Fronted Parrot (Amazona albifrons) Cuckoo Cuculidae Squirrel Cuckoo (Piaya cayana) Groove-Billed Ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris) Swifts Apodidae White-Collared Swift (Streptoprocne zonaris) Hummingbirds (50+ in CR!) Trochilidae Long Billed Hermit (Phaethornis longirostris) Violet-Crowned Woodnymph (Thalurania columbica) Rufous-Tailed Hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl) Trogons Trogonidae Violaceus Trogon (Trogon violaceus) Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) Mot Mots Motmotidae Blue-Crowned Motmot (Momotus momota) Kingfishers Alcedinidae Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryle americana) Barbets and Toucans Ramphastidae Chestnut-Mandibled Toucan (Rhamphastos swansonii) Woodpeckers Picidae Pale-Billed Woodpecker (Campephilis guatemaulensis) Typical Antbirds Thamnophilidae Barred Antshrike (Thamnophilis doliatus) Ground Antbirds Formicariidae Black-Faced Antthrush (Formicarius analis) Contingas Cotingidae Three-Wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus) Manakins Pipridae Long-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis) Jays Corvidae White-Throated Magpie (Calocitta formosa) Other Passerines • Ovenbirds and Woodcreepers • Tanagers • Flycatchers • Becards • Vireos • Wrens • Thrushes • Swallows • Gnatcatchers • Dippers • Warblers • Finches and Sparrows • Grosbeaks and Buntings • Blackbirds and Orioles Tools of the Trade FIELD INSTRUMENTS Distance Measurements Transects • Can be used for measuring gradients DBH Calipers Spherical Densiometer Environmental Meter • • • • Light Humidity Air Speed Temperature GPS Flags and Flagging Tape Costa Rican Culture HEALTH AND SAFETY Before you go • • • • • • • Dental check-up Medical check-up Obtain adequate prescriptions Check State Department website Check Centers for Disease Control website Medical insurance Vaccinations (no special required) Health Problems • Hepatitis A is contracted through food or water • Intestinal problems may occur due to differing flora – Bottled water and avoid ice cubes – Bring anti-diarrheal medication – Intestinal worms from walking barefoot – Dysentary requires antibiotics – Giadiasis from infected water Skin Issues • Sunblock and hat is essential to avoid sunburn • Prickly heat caused by tight or dirty clothing • Athlete’s foot and other fungal infections can be prevented by airing out – Bring anti-fungal medication Snakebite • • • • Will have snakebite in first aid kit Watch where you are walking and grabbing Avoid long grass Don’t reach into holes, under logs, etc. without checking with stick first • Watch grabbing branches as some snakes are arboreal • Give a wide berth If bitten… • Immobilize limb • Apply tight bandage between limb and body (finger should still be able to fit underneath) • Get help Insects • • • • Check clothing, shoes, bedding before getting in Bring insect repellant Wear long sleeves and long pants Avoid itching Chiggers • Found in dry grassy areas • Scrub vigorously after contact, especially back of knees, top of socks, waistband, etc. Ticks • Pull out ticks with tweezers • Grab close to head and pull slowly and steadily No-see-ums • Undeterred by DEET • Skin-so-soft works Malaria • Rare in CR • Most common on Caribbean coast • Mosquito bite prevention Dengue Fever • Most common on Caribbean coast • Transmitted by mosquitoes Riptides • • • • Never swim against current Swim parallel to shore until out of riptide current Riptides most likely 2 hours before and after low tide Still area in breaking waves Theft • • • • • Don’t bring anything that might be stolen No jewelry Wear cheap watch Put valuables in safe place at all times Carry passport at all times Antioch College Students 2000