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Chapter 19: Bacteria and Viruses (pg. 470) 19-1. Bacteria prokaryotes“bacteria” A. Classifying Prokaryotes Prokaryotes can be divided into two very different groups: __________________ and ____________________ 1. Eubacteria – Basic characteristics and structures 2. Archaebacteria - Basic characteristics and structures Many live in harsh environments: 1. methanogens – 2. halophillic – 3. thermoacidophillic B. Identifying Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are identified by characteristics such as ______________________ ._______________________________________ 1. Shapes bacillicoccispirilla- 2. Cell Walls – 2 different types in Eubacteria Gram staining used to tell them apart – 2 dyes: __________ and __________ EXPLAIN: Gram positive bacteria: Gram negative bacteria: 3. Movement C. Metabolic Diversity No characteristic illustrates their diversity better than the ways in which they a _______________________ 1. Heterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs - Photoheterotrophs 2. Autotrophs Photoautotrophs - Chemoautotrophs - 3. Releasing Energy obligate aerobes ex: obligate anaerobes ex: facultative anaerobes ex: D. Growth and Reproduction When conditions are favorable: 1. Binary Fission - 2. Conjugation - 3. Spore Formation occurs when conditions become ______________________. Endospore - Spores can remain dormant for __________ or even __________. E. Importance of Bacteria Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world. Some are ___________ that capture energy by _________________. Others are ______________ that break down the nutrients in __________________ and the _________________. 1. Decomposers - Decomposers help the ecosystem ________________________________. Sewage treatment: Bacteria break down waste into: ________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Nitrogen fixers nitrogen fixation plants and animals depend on _____________ for nitrogen. Plants need N to make _______________, the building blocks of ____________. About 78% of the atmosphere is N2 gas but plants can not use it directly. Certain bacteria, Rhizobium, convert N2 into usable __________________ Legumes: Rhizobium bacteria live in ______________________________________ Ex. of legumes: 3. Human Uses of Bacteria – LIST 19-2. Viruses A. What is a virus? Viruses A typical virus is composed of a core of _________ OR __________ surrounded by a ___________________________ Capsid Viruses enter cells by: Most viruses are ______________________ to the cells they infect. Bacteriophage - Viruses differ widely in __________ and ______________. All viruses have one thing in common: ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ B. Viral Infection (pg. 481; Fig. 19-10) 1. Lytic Infection - Injects: Viral DNA makes: Viruses use host cell to: Infected cell: 2. Lysogenic Infection - Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOT _____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Prophage - C. Retroviruses - Ex. D. Viruses and Living Cells Are they alive? (pg. 483; Fig. 19-11) 19-3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses (pg. 485) Pathogens A. Bacterial Disease in Humans Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways: 1) 2) 1. Using Cells for Food Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes ________________________ by: 2. Releasing Toxins Steptococcus bacterium causes _______________________ by: Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes ______________________ by: 3. Bacterial Diseases caused by Bacteria (pg. 486; Fig. 19-13) – List diseases 4. Preventing Bacterial Disease Vaccine - Antibiotics Ex. B. Bacterial Disease in Animals Bacillus anthracis causes _________________ Often found in _______________ and can be __________________________ Can be ________________ Produces tough ____________________________________________________ These properties have led to its use as a ____________________________________ C. Controlling Bacteria 1. Sterilization by Heat 2. Disinfectants 3. Food Storage and Processing D. Viral Disease in Humans (pg. 488; Fig. 19-14) – list diseases Can NOT be treated with _________________________. Best way to protect against viruses is the use of _________________________. E. Viral Disease in Animals F. Viral Disease in Plants H. Viroids and Prions Viroids - Prions - Examples: ______________ in sheep Other examples: